What a Good Man Is According to Socrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

What a Good Man Is According to Socrates - Essay Example Since no one has ever experienced death, even if he was released on the condition that he stops his philosophy, Socrates would not accept such trade. His argument is that he relies on the truth that evil things do not happen to good people whether they are dead or alive and that God is not oblivious to the concerns (pragrata) of such a good person. â€Å"No evil can happen to a good man either living or dead... (p28)†. The fact that Socrates regards himself as a good man during the Apology is a contrast that Socrates poses to himself. In his earlier dialogue, Socrates believes that virtue cannot be claimed without moral knowledge, which he claims not to have. Without an in-depth understanding of claim by Socrates, it is easier to assume that the claims by Socrates would only be valid if he also believes that, to a certain extent, one can be good without necessarily having moral virtue. According to Socrates, and indeed with surety, he views the virtuous as good. However, the virtuous cannot claim goodness if they lack moral wisdom that is needed to have the virtue. Away from trying to pursue the true thing that Socrates has in mind with his claim, it is almost obvious for one to deny the claim of Socrates that he does not possess the virtue which he insists he is still seeking. ...the fact is that neither of us knows anything beautiful and good, but he thinks he does know when he doesnt, and I don't know and don't think I do: so I am wiser than he is by only this trifle, that what I do not know I don't think I do. (p. 26) At this point, Socrates admits that he has some wisdom slightly higher than the rest of his fellow human in Athens, a wisdom which is given by God.  

Case Essay Example for Free

Case Essay Telefonica de Espana. Does your analysis lead to the same conclusions as Telefonicas managers? The textbook explains SWOT as an acronym for â€Å"Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats†. Strengths; Telefonica is a monopoly at this time because it is state owned and this is a major strength for them. The fact that Spain’s culture and language is similar to the market in South America is a major advantage as well. Weaknesses; According to the textbook the prices associated with Telefonica’s service was high. Competitors were looking to exploit this by offering cheaper service with better technology. Companies who could lower their profit margin are a major concern for Telefonica. Opportunities; The deregulation of telecommunications in South America (with the cultural similarities as I mentioned before) seemed to be the perfect opportunity to enter this market and be successful. Threats; Due to the many complaints from their customers Telefonica faces many threats from competitors in this â€Å"new market†. There is a chance that they may not survive in this market if they do not provide better service and technology. 2. How would you characterize the corporate strategy adopted by Telefonica? 3. Minority investors in Telefonicas South American subsidiaries are unhappy with the parent corporation. Suppose you are a senior manager at the parent corporation. How would you handle the problem with the minority investors? What would you recommend to the CEO should be done about the minority investors? 4. The Latin American telecommunications market is growing much faster (12. 6 percent in 2007) than that of Spain or Europe, both of which grew at a 4. 9 percent rate in 2007. Should Telefonica have continued to focus on the Latin American market, rather than acquire O2 and Cseky? What about its purchase of a minority position in China Netcom?

An Ecomomic Forecast :: essays papers

An Ecomomic Forecast Evaluating the bull market today, it is almost impossible to pick up a financial journal without seeing news on the bull market that some consider to be overvalued. Overvalued or fairly valued, only the future will show the truth. Either way, this market is one that has shown greater run ups and returns, than any other market in history. (Reference Appendix #1a) Recently the Dow Jones Industrial Average has reached historical highs and then receded back to previous levels, leaving investors who are used to consistent and record setting gains month after month, baffled. Both the Dow Jones and the S & P 500 indices have seen modest and even flat performances over the past three months. (Reference #1b) A recent article that was published on the front page of the Wall Street Journal emphasized that returns were flat due to the fact that investors were concerned of the possible on set of inflation. If these concerns are warranted and inflation is thus expected, the Bull market may ve ry well be over. This after all makes sense, inflation has slowed and stopped many run-ups in the past, and the onset of inflation now could very well do the same. While the article introduced some possibilities, it said nothing of the likelihood, the causes of, the Fed.'s reactions to, and the probability of expected inflationary increases in the future. This paper is thus dedicated to expanding on these ideas by exploring the rationality of these concerns by examining the circumstances surrounding inflation. It is my speculation that the Bull market may eventually correct itself in the future, but not in the short term due to immediate inflation. That is, that the market was in fact flat due investors concerns, but actual imperative inflation does not look to be expected in the near future. In order to begin to understand the nature of market trends and forces, one must first consider the current state of the U.S. economy relative to its' business cycle. Certain aggregates can be measured that tell us a great deal about this. These aggregates have a strong history of leading, coinciding, or lagging the relative business cycle with a high amount of regular correlation. Appendix 2a contains illustrations, which show graphically the trends of the leading, lagging, and coincident indicators over the past few years. These graphs are composites of each group, and upon examination it is clear that all the indicators are rising.

Fiction †literature Essay

Hemingway’s modernist style of storytelling requires an impersonal narrator. The narrator describes the scene, and interjects small actions into the dialogue, but remains a facilitator for the reader to concentrate on the dialogue and the action of the story. The narrator in this story seems to tell the story as if it were a video clip, a nameless railway station somewhere between Barcelona and Madrid, ghostly white hills, a faceless waitress and an anonymous couple. The use of this narrator makes the reader look much deeper into the dialogue of the couple, because without the narrator spelling out the action for the reader, one is forced to interpret much more from the character’s words. This modernist device tends to separate the reader momentarily from the text, so that the full impact of the story is not truly felt until one is finished reading. However, this device serves to make the story connect on a deeper level, and to have more impact as it hits one suddenly, instead of being built into a slow climax. From almost the beginning of his writing career, Hemingway employed a distinctive style which drew comment from many critics. Hemingway does not give way to lengthy geographical and psychological description. His style has been said to lack substance because he avoids direct statements and descriptions of emotion. Basically his style is simple, direct and somewhat plain. He developed a forceful prose style characterized by simple sentences and few adverbs or adjectives. He wrote concise, vivid dialogue and exact description of places and things. Critic Harry Levin pointed out the weakness of syntax and diction in Hemingway’s writing, but was quick to praise his ability to convey action The majority of his early novels were narrated in the first person and enclosed within a single point of view, however, when Hemingway wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls, he used several different narrative techniques. He employed the use of internal monologues (where the reader is in the â€Å"mind† of a particular character), objective descriptions, rapid shifts of point of view, and in general a looser structure than in his earlier works. Hemingway believed that â€Å"a writer’s style should be direct and personal, his imagery rich and earthy, and his words simple and vigorous. The greatest writers have the gift of brevity, are hard workers, diligent scholars and competent stylistsÃ'Ž To explain Hemingway’s style in a few paragraphs in such a manner as to satisfy those who have read his articles and books is almost impossible. It is a simple style, straight forward and modest. Hemingway’s prose is unadorned as a result of his abstaining from using adjectives as much as possible. He relates a story in the form of straight journalism, but because he is a master of transmitting emotion with out embelli

Defiance and Resistance Essay

In both works The Crucible and The Bride Price by Arthur Miller and Buchi Emecheta, superstition and hysteria play key roles in destroying the morale of the Puritan and African communities. The setting in which both take place in between pre and post modernization effect the odd behavior demonstrated. In both texts, behavior different from that which is customary and accepted is interpreted as supernatural witchcraft. The fear of the unknown as well as jealousy fashion’s agitation, which in turn provokes individuals to turn on one another going against values and beliefs. In the play-write The crucible, Miller demonstrates the theme of the story which was rising over adversity, and standing for the truth even to death. Miller is displaying his interpretation of rise over adversity through John Proctor. John, in the beginning, wanted to keep distant from the trials. He did not want to associate or disregard his personal values by being part of the trials. When Elizabeth was arrested, he was forced to become part of it. He went to court first to set his wife free but after watching the proceedings, he saw that the evil was not only being done to his own wife but many others like his wife. As a result, he worked even harder to free the other innocent people, getting himself arrested. Despite this drawback, he did not give up. He had the chance to free himself if he testified against the others but he realized that this would be wrong, and even though he wanted to free himself, he would not if it meant bringing trouble upon others. He cleansed himself at the trial, standing for what he knew was right and died a righteous person. Though he stayed away from church, he became more pure than the common Puritans, dying as a martyr like the original apostles. He learned what truth meant through his suffering. In the novel, The Bride Price, Emecheta displays defiance and resistance through her protagonist, Aku-nna. In the Ibuza culture, it is not proper to marry or even associate one’s self with an â€Å"oseu†. As the story builds to a climax, so does Aku-nna’s courage build. Her courage, in turn, builds her defiance. After Aku-nna’s menstruation has become public knowledge, she refuses to eat the chicken that has been slaughtered in her honor. At this point in the story, Aku-nna registers what very well might have been her first defiant thought. â€Å"She was beginning to feel that it was unjust that she was not to be allowed a say in her own life, and she was beginning to hate her mother for being so passive about it all. † As she stands in front of Okoboshi, the young man who has kidnapped her as a potential bride, Aku-nna loudly and forcefully speaks out in an attempt to save herself. It is out of fear of not only being raped but also of being deprived of ever seeing Chike again that she finds her voice and creates a story so vile that Okoboshi leaves her alone. The vile story that she creates is a lie, but the lie represents the epitome of her defiance. She tells Okoboshi that she is not a virgin; and, furthermore, she lost her virginity to a descendant of a slave. In so doing, Aku-nna risks everything, possibly even her life. â€Å"Her uncle would surely kill her on sight but if she was forced to live with these people for long, she would soon die, for that was the intention behind all the taboos and customs. Anyone who contravened them was better dead and when you were dead, people would ask: Did we not say so? Nobody goes against the laws of the land and survives†. Although Aku-nna has made her own choice to run away from her arranged marriage and marry Chike against her parents wishes, she cannot let go of the myth that plagues her: â€Å"If a girl wishes to live long and see her children’s children, she must accept the husband chosen for her by her people†¦ if the bride price was not paid, she would never survive the birth of her first child† (168). Though Chike’s father offered to pay Aku-nna’s bride price, her uncle simply refused to accept it, and therefore cursed her to die. In the end of the story, Aku-nna dies in childbirth, and her legend is used to further reinforce the threat of grim results for women who make their own choices. These stories remind its readers of an ugly blemish on human history. It reminds one that man is not perfect, and that we can make mistakes. However, even with these mistakes, we can cleanse ourselves and purify ourselves by making what is wrong right. As in The Bride Price where Aku-nna stands for what she believes in and what she loves and John Proctor standing for what he valued, both were defiant against their setting or community. The sufferings become to the sufferer like a crucible, and one must pay the price be it a bride price or the price of life. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

Ernest Miller Hemingway Essays - Literature, American Literature

Ernest Miller Hemingway Essays - Literature, American Literature Ernest Miller Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois. His father was the owner of a prosperous real estate business. His father, Dr. Hemingway, imparted to Ernest the importance of appearances, especially in public. Dr. Hemingway invented surgical forceps for which he would not accept money. He believed that one should not profit from something important for the good of mankind. Ernest's father, a man of high ideals, was very strict and censored the books he allowed his children to read. He forbad Ernest's sister from studying ballet for it was coeducational, and dancing together led to "hell and damnation". Grace Hall Hemingway, Ernest's mother, considered herself pure and proper. She was a dreamer who was upset at anything which disturbed her perception of the world as beautiful. She hated dirty diapers, upset stomachs, and cleaning house; they were not fit for a lady. She taught her children to always act with decorum. She adored the singing of the birds and the smell of flowers. Her children were expected to behave properly and to please her, always. Mrs. Hemingway treated Ernest, when he was a small boy, as if he were a female baby doll and she dressed him accordingly. This arrangement was alright until Ernest got to the age when he wanted to be a "gun-toting Pawnee Bill". He began, at that time, to pull away from his mother, and never forgave her for his humiliation. The town of Oak Park, where Ernest grew up, was very old fashioned and quite religious. The townspeople forbad the word "virgin" from appearing in school books, and the word "breast" was questioned, though it appeared in the Bible. Ernest loved to fish, canoe and explore the woods. When he couldn't get outside, he escaped to his room and read books. He loved to tell stories to his classmates, often insisting that a friend listen to one of his stories. In spite of his mother's desire, he played on the football team at Oak Park High School. As a student, Ernest was a perfectionist about his grammar and studied English with a fervor. He contributed articles to the weekly school newspaper. It seems that the principal did not approve of Ernest's writings and he complained, often, about the content of Ernest's articles. Ernest was clear about his writing; he wanted people to "see and feel" and he wanted to enjoy himself while writing. Ernest loved having fun. If nothing was happening, mischievous Ernest made something happen. He would sometimes use forbidden words just to create a ruckus. Ernest, though wild and crazy, was a warm, caring individual. He loved the sea, mountains and the stars and hated anyone who he saw as a phoney. During World War I, Ernest, rejected from service because of a bad left eye, was an ambulance driver, in Italy, for the Red Cross. Very much like the hero of A Farewell to Arms, Ernest is shot in his knee and recuperates in a hospital, tended by a caring nurse named Agnes. Like Frederick Henry, in the book, he fell in love with the nurse and was given a medal for his heroism. Ernest returned home after the war, rejected by the nurse with whom he fell in love. He would party late into the night and invite, to his house, people his parents disapproved of. Ernest's mother rejected him and he felt that he had to move from home. He moved in with a friend living in Chicago and he wrote articles for The Toronto Star. In Chicago he met and then married Hadley Richardson. She believed that he should spend all his time in writing, and bought him a typewriter for his birthday. They decided that the best place for a writer to live was Paris, where he could devote himself to his writing. He said, at the time, that the most difficult thing to write about was being a man. They could not live on income from his stories and so Ernest, again, wrote for The Toronto Star. Ernest took Hadley to Italy to show her where he had been during the war. He was devastated, everything had changed, everything was destroyed. Hadley

Spectrophotometer - Colorimeter Lab Essays - Spectroscopy, Chemistry

Spectrophotometer - Colorimeter Lab Essays - Spectroscopy, Chemistry Spectrophotometer - Colorimeter Lab Dev Brar Jonathan Badonsky, Melissa Berberi, Maja Bekcic, Miranda Adam, Madeleine Chang, Danny Kelly SCH3US-01 Sawicki October 1, 2017 Part 1: Purpose: To use colorimetry to determine the maximum light absorbance for a colored solution. Hypothesis: The red aqueous solution will have a maximum absorbance in the range of 480 nm to 560 nm. Whereas the blue aqueous solution will have a maximum absorbance somewhere in the range of 600 nm to 640 nm Materials: Table 1: Materials used in part 1 of colorimetry lab Apparatus Chemicals spectroscope ( 3nm) Distilled Water 2 Plastic Pipettes Aqueous solutions of food coloring 2 Test Tubes 2 Cuvettes (3.50 0.25ml) Small spectroscope ( 3nm) Procedure: Spectrometer was assembled and calibrated using test tube filled with distilled water spectroscope was set to wavelength 400 nm Second test tube was filled with blue aqueous solution and was placed into spectroscope Results were recorded for the absorbance of the solution at 400 nm Steps 1 through 4 were recorded at wavelengths at intervals of 10 nm until a wavelength of 700 nm was achieved Solution was disposed of, spectroscope was turned off, and work place was cleaned Small spectroscope was assembled Small spectroscope was calibrated with a 3.500.25ml cuvette containing distilled water from a plastic pipette Second cuvette was filled with a red aqueous solution from a second pipette Cuvette was gently tapped multiple time on the label table until all bubbles had disappeared from the container Cuvette containing the red aqueous solution was placed in the small spectroscope Results were recorded for the absorbance of the solution in intervals of 10 nm from 400 nm 700 nm Solutions were dispossessed of, small spectroscope was turned off, and workplace was cleaned. Observations: Ta ble 2: Absorbance spectrum of red and blue solution between wavelength of 400 nm and 700 nm Wavelength (+/- 3nm) Absorbance of Blue Aqueous Solution Absorbance of Red Aqueous Solution 400 0.10 0.39 410 0.09 0.34 420 0.07 0.32 430 0.02 0.33 440 0.02 0.37 450 0.03 0.46 460 0.02 0.59 470 0.03 0.75 480 0.03 0.90 490 0.03 1.03 500 0.03 1.12 510 0.01 1.12 520 0.05 1.02 530 0.07 0.91 540 0.09 0.62 550 0.12 0.33 560 0.17 0.13 570 0.24 0.01 580 0.32 -0.04 590 0.39 -0.07 600 0.50 -0.09 610 0.60 -0.10 620 0.82 -0.10 630 0.88 -0.09 640 0.70 -0.09 650 0.42 -0.08 660 0.24 -0.04 670 0.12 -0.07 680 0.05 -0.07 690 0.02 -0.06 700 0.02 -0.07 Table 3: Qualitative Measurements Solution Color State Odour Red Aqueous Solution Red Liquid Odourless Blue Aqueous Solution Blue Liquid Odourless Graph 1: Absorbance of Red Aqueous Solution and Blue Aqueous Solution VS Wavelength Analysis: Based upon the observations, the wavelength and the predictions to agree. The red aqueous solution had the maximum absorbance at approx 510 nm (refer to graph 1) and the prediction states that the ax absorbance for the red aqueous solution will occur in the range of 480 nm to 560 nm. The blue aqueous solution had the maximum absorbance at approx 630 nm (refer to graph 1) and the prediction states that the ax absorbance for the red aqueous solution will occur in the range of 600 nm to 640 nm. The independent variable in this lab was the wavelength, and the dependant variable is this lab were the absorbance of both red aqueous solution and blue aqueous solution. Conclusion: The maximum absorbance for the red aqueous solution was found within the range of 480 nm - 560 nm agreeing with the hypothesis which states that the maximum absorbance will be found from 480 nm to 560 nm. The maximum absorbance for the blue aqueous solution was found within the range of 600 nm - 640 nm agreeing with the hypothesis which states that the maximum absorbance will be found from 600 nm to 640 nm Part 2: Purpose: To determine the concentration of a coloured solution by constructing a standard curve and by comparing the absorbance value of the unknown to the standard. Materials: Table 4: Materials used in part 2 of colorimetry lab Apparatus Chemicals Spectroscope (3 nm) Distilled water 8 Test Tubes Unknown Sample Plastic Pipettes Copper (II) Sulfate(aq) in

Biography of Charles Wheatstone, British Inventor

Biography of Charles Wheatstone, British Inventor Charles Wheatstone (February 6, 1802–October 19, 1875) was an English natural philosopher and inventor, perhaps best known today for his contributions to the electric telegraph. However, he invented and contributed in several fields of science, including photography, electrical generators, encryption, acoustics, and musical instruments and theory. Fast Facts: Charles Wheatstone Known For: Physics experiments and patents applying to sight and sound, including the electric telegraph, the concertina, and the stereoscopeBorn:  February 6, 1802 at Barnwood, near Gloucester, EnglandParents: William and Beata Bubb WheatstoneDied: October 19, 1875 in Paris, FranceEducation: No formal science education, but excelled in French, math, and physics at  Kensington and Vere Street schools, and took an apprenticeship in his uncles music factoryAwards and Honors: Professor of Experimental Philosophy at Kings College, Fellow of the Royal Society in 1837, knighted by Queen Victoria in 1868Spouse: Emma WestChildren: Charles Pablo, Arthur William Fredrick, Florence Caroline, Catherine Ada, Angela Early Life Charles Wheatstone was born on February 6, 1802, near Gloucester, England. He was the second child born to William (1775–1824) and Beata Bubb Wheatstone, members of a music business family established on the Strand in London at least as early as 1791, and perhaps as early as 1750. William and Beata and their family moved to London in 1806, where William set up shop as a flute teacher and maker; his elder brother Charles Sr. was head of the family business, manufacturing and selling musical instruments. Charles learned to read at age 4 and was sent to school early at the Kensington Proprietary Grammar School and Vere Street Board School in Westminster, where he excelled in French, math, and physics. In 1816, he was apprenticed to his Uncle Charles, but by the age of 15, his uncle complained that he was neglecting his work at the shop to read, write, publish songs, and pursue an interest in electricity and acoustics. In 1818, Charles produced his first known musical instrument, the flute harmonique, which was a keyed instrument. No examples have survived. Early Inventions and Academics In September 1821, Charles Wheatstone exhibited his Enchanted Lyre or Acoucryptophone  at a gallery in a music store, a musical instrument that appeared to play itself to amazed shoppers. The Enchanted Lyre was not a real instrument, but rather a sounding box disguised as a  lyre  that hung from the ceiling by a thin steel wire. The wire was connected to the soundboards of a piano, harp, or dulcimer played in an upper room, and as those instruments were played, the sound was conducted down the wire, setting off sympathetic resonance of the lyres strings. Wheatstone speculated publicly that at some time in the future, music might be transmitted in a similar manner throughout London laid on like gas. In 1823 acclaimed Danish scientist Hans Christian Ãâ€"rsted (1777–1851) saw the Enchanted Lyre and convinced Wheatstone to write his first scientific article, New Experiments in Sound. Ãâ€"rsted presented the paper to the Acadà ©mie Royale des Sciences in Paris, and it was eventually published in Great Britain in Thomsons Annals of Philosophy. Wheatstone began his association with the Royal Institution of Great Britain (also known as the Royal Institute, founded in 1799) in the mid-1820s, writing papers to be presented by close friend and RI member Michael Faraday (1791–1869) because he was too shy to do it himself.   Early Inventions Wheatstone had a wide-ranging interest in sound and vision and contributed many inventions and improvements on existing inventions while he was active. His first patent (#5803) was for a Construction of Wind Instruments on June 19, 1829, describing the use of a flexible bellows. From there, Wheatstone developed the concertina, a bellows-driven, free-reed instrument in which each button produces the same pitch regardless of the way the bellows are moving. The patent was not published until 1844, but Faraday gave a Wheatstone-written lecture demonstrating the instrument to the Royal Institute in 1830. Academics and Professional Life Despite his lack of a formal education in science, in 1834 Wheatstone was made a Professor of Experimental Philosophy at Kings College, London, where he conducted pioneering experiments in electricity and invented an improved dynamo. He also invented two devices to measure and regulate electrical resistance and current: the Rheostat and an improved version of what is now known as the Wheatstone bridge (it was actually invented by Samuel Hunter Christie  in 1833). He held the position at Kings College for the remainder of his life, although he continued working in the family business for another 13 years. In 1837, Charles Wheatstone partnered with inventor and entrepreneur William Cooke to co-invent an electric telegraph, a now-outdated communication system that transmitted electric signals over wires from location to location, signals that could be translated into a message. The Wheatstone-Cooke or needle telegraph was the first working communication system of its kind in Great Britain, and it was put into operation on the London and Blackwall Railway. Wheatstone was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) that same year. Wheatstone invented an early version of the stereoscope in 1838, versions of which became a very popular philosophical toy in the later 19th century. Wheatstones stereoscope used two slightly different versions of the same image, which when viewed through two separate tubes gave the viewer the optical illusion of depth. Throughout his professional life, Wheatstone invented both philosophical toys and scientific instruments, exercising his interests in linguistics, optics, cryptography (the Playfair Cipher), typewriters, and clocks- one of his inventions was the Polar Clock, which told time by polarized light. Marriage and Family On February 12, 1847, Charles Wheatstone married Emma West, the daughter of a local tradesman, and they eventually had five children. That year he also stopped working in a significant way at the family business to concentrate on his academic research. His wife died in 1866, at which point his youngest daughter Angela was 11 years old. Wheatstone gleaned a number of important awards and honors throughout his career. He was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1859, made a Foreign Associate of the French Academy of Sciences in 1873, and became an honorary member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1875. He was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1868. He was named a Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) at Oxford and a doctor of law (LLD) at Cambridge. Death and Legacy Charles Wheatstone was one of the most inventive geniuses of his generation, combining combined science-based publication with business-focused patent applications and serious research with a playful interest in philosophical toys and inventions. He died of bronchitis on October 19, 1875, in Paris while he was working on yet another new invention, this one for submarine cables. He is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery near his home in London. Sources Bowers, Brian. Sir Charles Wheatstone, F.R.S. 1802–1875. London: Her Majestys Stationery Office, 1975Anonymous. Wheatstone Collection. Special Collections. Kings College London, March 27, 2018. Web. Rycroft, David. The Wheatstones. The Galpin Society Journal 45 (1992): 123–30. Print.Wade, Nicholas J. Charles Wheatstone (1802–1875). Perception 31.3 (2002): 265–72. Print.Wayne, Neil. The Wheatstone English Concertina. The Galpin Society Journal 44 (1991): 117–49. Print.

International Trade Theories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Trade Theories - Assignment Example Therefore, in order to have a positive balance of trade the nations tried exporting to other countries and restricting imports as it negatively affected their balances and hence their wealth. According to the mercantilism theory, there was a fixed amount of money present in the world and in order for one country to have more money; it had to export to other. So, mercantilism refers to the concept of exporting more and importing less (â€Å"Classical Theories of International Trade†, n.d.). Absolute Advantage Toward the end of the century, economic growth was being hindered by mercantilist policies. Adam Smith in his book, The Wealth of Nations (1776) presented a response to mercantilism where he claimed that these policies granted the producers an advantage at the cost of a disadvantage to the consumers. Adam Smith’s theory did not regard imports as bad but rather mentioned imports as good because other countries may be making a particular good that is more appealing to the consumers therefore trade, imports as well as export, would be profitable and lead to better satisfaction for the consumers. This meant that countries that had an â€Å"absolute advantage† in producing a particular good would produce that good and export it while it would import a good that another nation has an â€Å"absolute advantage† in (Theory of International Trade, n.d.). ... The principle of comparative advantage has been described as that occurring as a result of specialization and the division of labor (Maneschi, 1998). According to the theory, due to technological or other factors some countries specialize in producing a particular good at a lower cost. This implies that such countries have a â€Å"comparative advantage† in producing a particular good and should therefore export these goods to other countries. The same country should only import those goods in which it does not specialize that is has a comparative disadvantage in due to the higher relative costs. However, the theory also assumes that countries try to maximize their production and consumption which is not true in the real world at times. Balance of Trade Balance of trade refers to a country’s payments and receipts which results from the transactions of its residents. In ideal conditions, the balance of the receipts and payments should be equal, which is the condition of a balanced trade. However, trade is not always balanced. The trade balance in some cases can even be a trade surplus and trade deficit. Trade surplus occurs when a country’s exports exceed their imports. Trade deficit occurs when a country’s imports are greater than its exports. Trade deficits are not necessarily bad as it depends upon the life cycle and the economy and therefore may assist the economy during expansion. However, during a recession, trade deficits may prove to be detrimental for the economy. Influence of Government Governments play a pivotal role in encouraging or restricting international trade. The policies set by the government impact trade unlike free trade where there is no government role in the economy. Governments provide barrier to trade by setting

Paradox of Thrift Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Paradox of Thrift - Assignment Example This scenario contradicts the individual or household-based argument that saving is good for the economy. In the United States, the Personal Savings Rate (PSR) over the last decade has been increasing and decreasing from time to time depending on the personal savings levels in the economy. The U.S PSR was recorded at 3.40% in December 2011, 5.50% in January 2011, 4.90% in December 2010, 4.50% in December 2009, and 5.70% in December 2008 among others (Yates & Hunter, 2011). This trend can be associated with the performance of the U.S economy at different times of every single year. The spending and saving of a typical American household is guided by the economic potential of the household. This can be held collectively for the entire economy, where the population spends within its financial limits. By observing the PSR trend over the last decade, it is seen that both spending and saving in the economy fluctuate from time to time. Increase in savings directly lowers spending in the economy, and vice versa. Too much savings in the economy lowers total consumption. A typical American household spends more than it saves, but summing up increased savings in the economy can result in the paradox of

One change I would made to Houston Commit y College ( HCC) Essay

One change I would made to Houston Commit y College ( HCC) - Essay Example There is a problem at the Egalitarian office and the root cause must be found and dealt with as soon as possible or the Egalitarian as a training avenue for future journalists will be nothing more than a joke in the near future. In its current state, the Egalitarian does not carry any weight among the student population and its writers, rather than being admired as some of the great thinkers on campus, come across as inept and ill educated when it comes to the finer points of journalism. As students of Houston Community College, it is our duty to try and help improve our school paper as best as we can. We have an obligation to ourselves and our college to ensure that The Egalitarian becomes the embodiment of journalistic integrity and accuracy. At the moment, The Egalitarian is wanting in so many avenues as a mouthpiece for both the college administration and student body. As a part of the training ground for the students of the College of Journalism, it is of the utmost importance t hat the professors and mentors at the department educate their students on the importance of accuracy of content, proper journalistic grammar, and create a diversified topic selection for the paper that represents the student body in a professional manner using a diverse range of topics. The topics covered by the journalism students at the paper is sadly, quite wanting in terms of becoming a true voice for the student body in terms of allowing the students to be equally represented within the pages of the school paper. The topics and news articles written by the members of the staff, and even the contributing writers show a lack of connection with the general student population who are supposed to be the main readers of the paper. The editorials and other columns do not have the ability to spark an intellectual debate among the students either. In fact, the paper is quite boring when one actually bothers to try and read the paper from cover to cover. It is perhaps because of this la ck of professionalism and interesting content from the members of the school paper that the student body chooses to pass on reading the paper when they receive their copies. They do not wish to read a newspaper that does not accurately represent their interests, misrepresents information by using irrelevant or improper information in their articles. The profanity used within the articles and horrible sentence structure, grammar, and punctuation errors within the paper are also unforgivable to any decent journalism or education student of the college who bothers to read the paper. Due to the numerous problems that plague the school paper, most members of the student body and professors alike do not view The Egalitarian as a credible news sources. This negative point of view about the school paper has prevented many aspiring journalists, writers, and educators from contributing interesting and relevant news articles to the publication staff. The lack of professionalism by the members of the newspaper team make them lose their interest in contributing to the school paper. Given such a sentiment, it is quite obvious that the student body does not consider the school paper to be a newspaper that represents the students and their interests. The Egalitarian has the ability to become the platform by which the various college departments can showcase their talents to the student body. Students of graphic arts and the like are

Global Financial Management & Summary Assignment

Global Financial Management & Summary - Assignment Example Increase in the price of oil is one of those major events. Oil is an important and essential raw material for running airline business service. Without it, the company will not be able to provide their airlines services to its domestic and international customers. In the last year 2013, increase in the high oil price also increased the operational costs of this company and as a result, price of flight ticket was comparatively higher than the normal situation and this price was not affordable to all income groups. As a result the company was starting to lose its competitive advantages in the global market. Again this is observed that salaries and bonuses paid to the senior level managers are more than the amount of dividends which the company distributed among its investors. This situation created some unsatisfactory issues among investors. The investors are now not interested for further investing their money in this business and they are moving to the other competitor companies whic h are existing in the same industry. So the company is going to lose its capital for further progress of its business activities. In the year 2014, El Al Airlines Ltd announced that it cannot provide security services to abroad as the Finance Ministry has approved less amount of budget than the required amount for the purpose of security. This will also decrease the amount of revenue in the business if competitors can provide the same facilities to the customers. As this company is doing business across the national borders so fluctuation of exchange rate and currencies in different countries will also affect the financial condition of this business. The recent Euro crisis is one of its examples which affect the activities of this business in a worst way (Madura, 2014). The competition of airline services is increasing in the global market and so many emerging and existing companies are providing more cost effective offers to the customers and through this

Patterns in Global Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Patterns in Global Communication - Essay Example The program was initially meant to monitor the Soviet Union. However, the system is now used to counter terror attacks (Kamalipour pg. 328). Future world wars will take place with the use of the internet. The internet allows malicious people to send viruses through emails that might affect the files of a company. Cyber terrorists can also use the internet to spread propaganda. Cyber-attacks are also expected to increase in the near future. I think that the digital age and the â€Å"pop culture† is a threat to some cultures and traditions. Developing countries that have struggled to keep their cultural practices alive are facing major challenges conserving their cultures. This is due to the effect technology like video games; computer software’s and western television programming are having on their society. This is slowly eroding their cultural beliefs and practices (Kamalipour pg. 331). The topic about the effect that technology is having on cultures of people in the developing countries interested me a lot. This is due to the fact that these countries have struggled to preserve their cultures for decades and it’s all going away due to the effect of

Global Financial Management & Summary Assignment

Global Financial Management & Summary - Assignment Example Increase in the price of oil is one of those major events. Oil is an important and essential raw material for running airline business service. Without it, the company will not be able to provide their airlines services to its domestic and international customers. In the last year 2013, increase in the high oil price also increased the operational costs of this company and as a result, price of flight ticket was comparatively higher than the normal situation and this price was not affordable to all income groups. As a result the company was starting to lose its competitive advantages in the global market. Again this is observed that salaries and bonuses paid to the senior level managers are more than the amount of dividends which the company distributed among its investors. This situation created some unsatisfactory issues among investors. The investors are now not interested for further investing their money in this business and they are moving to the other competitor companies whic h are existing in the same industry. So the company is going to lose its capital for further progress of its business activities. In the year 2014, El Al Airlines Ltd announced that it cannot provide security services to abroad as the Finance Ministry has approved less amount of budget than the required amount for the purpose of security. This will also decrease the amount of revenue in the business if competitors can provide the same facilities to the customers. As this company is doing business across the national borders so fluctuation of exchange rate and currencies in different countries will also affect the financial condition of this business. The recent Euro crisis is one of its examples which affect the activities of this business in a worst way (Madura, 2014). The competition of airline services is increasing in the global market and so many emerging and existing companies are providing more cost effective offers to the customers and through this

Moral Obligations To The Poor In The Article by Peter Singer Assignment

Moral Obligations To The Poor In The Article by Peter Singer - Assignment Example According to him, it is essential that human beings bring about a change in their moral conceptual scheme, i.e. the way they perceive moral issues and the commonly accepted way of life. As he remarks, it is commonly accepted at the international level that suffering and death from lack of food, shelter, and medical care are not good. In this background, Singer’s argument has great relevance in wider perspective, i.e. we have moral liability to prevent something bad from happening if it is in our power to do so. Therefore, it is indubitable that Singer’s article â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality† raises some of the essential questions of social and moral concerns, and he provides a very convincing argument about this issue. In the background of the Bengal emergency, Singer proposes his argument that â€Å"if it is in our power to prevent something very bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything morally significant, we ought, morally, to do itâ⠂¬  (Singer, 1972). He also provides convincing evidences and illustrations to support his argument, thereby making the readers agree with his proposition. Significantly, his principle takes no account of proximity or distance; not the distinction based on how many people can offer the assistance. Through his arguments, Singer upsets the traditional moral categories, because, in this case, the traditional distinction between duty and charity cannot be drawn. Thus, he argues for a moral concept of charity which is higher than that of the traditional acts of charity and disagrees with the present way of drawing the distinction between duty and charity, which makes it an act of charity for a man living at the level of affluence to give money to save someone else from starvation. (Singer, 1972). In the course of his article, Singer explains three counter-arguments to his position addressed in the article and offers his responses to those counter-arguments. The first objection to his po sition is that it is too drastic a revision of our moral scheme and they argue that people normally reserve their moral condemnation for those who violate moral norms of society, rather than those who indulge in luxury instead of giving to famine relief. In response to this counter-argument, Singer maintains that the imperatives of duty merely try to prohibit intolerable behavior in the society rather than to cause charity. Therefore, the present division between acts of duty and acts of charity is a valid argument. The second objection to Singer’s arguments arises from â€Å"some forms of utilitarian theory that we all ought, morally, to be working full time to increase the balance of happiness over misery† (Singer, 1972). Singer counters these arguemnts with evidences from writings of Thomas Aquinas and others, and provides practical as well as philosophical arguments. According to the third counter-argument, overseas aid should be a government responsibility. They a lso argue that until there is effective population control, relieving famine merely postpones starvation. However, Singer also makes his arguments to counter these views and suggests that methods of preventing famine should be adopted by us while the other organizations work specifically for population control. In support of his arguments, Singer introduces the concept of marginal utility in order to respond to the question of just how much we all ought to be giving away. Marginal utility is the â€Å"level at which, by giving more, I would cause as much suffering to myself or my

Situation Essay Example for Free

Situation Essay Situation A: An employee took time off due to his wife giving birth prematurely. His requested time off was approved by his original manager as the employee qualified for FMLA since he has been with the company for two years and was for the care of his spouse. Under (1)†FMLA rules certain employees can be provided up to 12 weeks unpaid, job-protected leave per year. The employee must work for the company at least 12 months, have at least 1250 hours during the 12 months and the where the employee work, the company must employ at least 50 employees within 75 miles†. (1) â€Å"Eligible reasons for leave to be granted to an employee are: * birth and care of the newborn child of an employee; * placement with the employee of a child for adoption or foster care; * to care for an immediate family member (spouse, child, or parent) with a serious health condition; or to take medical leave when the employee is unable to work because of a serious health condition.† The employee requested to return to work after 11 weeks, his new manager approved his return along with his pay prior to his leave from the company. The employee’s request for payment of his salary while he was on leave for 11 weeks was not approved. The company would not be in violation of FMLA rules if the new manager decides not to pay the employee. (1)FMLA states that leave is to be unpaid and therefore the company has the right not to pay. The company complied with all the FMLA eligibility rules when they granted leave and reinstated the employee to his original position and pay rate at the end of his 11 week leave to care for his wife and new born children. If the company provides sick or vacation time an employee can take this during their time off. It’s an unfortunate situation for the employee and the company. The returning employee’s original manager left the company during the employee’s leave and approved his being paid during his leave I feel the following actions should take place. First, attempts to contact the previous manager to confirm the employee’s statement and upon confirmation payment should be granted. Second, the company should show a gesture of good faith and up hold the original manager’s agreement. Third, an amendment to company policy should be put in place to cover future events. Written and signed by both management and employee to the exact terms agreed upon prior to leave under FMLA are to be taken. This is for the protection of the company and their employees. Situation B: A company conducts its annual review in which the results reveal one of its senior employee’s (68yr old) is doing exemplary work and another younger employee (32yr old) is doing average work. The promotion was given to the younger (32yr old) employee over the senior (68yr old) employee due to his age. Even though the fact that the senior employee’s work was above par in comparison to the younger employee. The company is in direct violation of the ADEA of 1967 which states (2)â€Å"certain applicant and employees who are 40 years of age and older are protected from discrimination on the basis of age in hiring, promotion, discharge, compensation, or terms, conditions or privileges of employment.† In this case the 68 year old employee could sue the company based on Age Discrimination and win. Situation C: A potential applicant who is wheelchair bound due to paralysis of his lower extremities applied for an open position with company x. The applicant would need to have access to all seven floors in order to do their job. The company would need to provide â€Å"reasonable accommodations†. Company X denied the potential applicant because of â€Å"undue hardship† that would be brought on the company for retro fitting the elevator keypads in two of the four elevators to accommodate the potential applicant needs to gain access to all the floors. After reviewing the American Disabilities Act of 1990 and the needs of the potential applicant to determine whether retro fitting the existing elevator keypads would create an undue hardship to Company X or not I found the following (34) †Reasonable accommodation is any change or adjustment to the work environment that would allow the disabled worker to perform the essential functions of the job or to allow the disabled worker to enjoy the benefits and privileges of employment equal to employees without disabilities. These additional accessibility alterations are only required to the extent that the added accessibility costs do not exceed 20% of the cost of the original alteration. However, the facility is obligated up to the 20% limit. The path of travel requirement covers elevators, ramps, doorways, pathways, drinking fountains, phones, work space etc.† Company X should provide backup documentation that shows retro fitting the elevators would exceed 20% therefore creating the â€Å"undue hardship†. The only alternative suggestion would be not to retro fit the elevators. Two of the four are not in need of retro fitting so if the potential applicant could safely gain access to all seven floors and still be in compliance with â€Å"ADA† then Company X would be and only then be in violation of â€Å"ADA† when they denied the applicant employment.

Regulation of Gastric Acid Secretion

Regulation of Gastric Acid Secretion The stomach is a J-shaped enlargement of the gastrointestinal tract just lies below the diaphragm; the digestive tube dilates into an elongated pouchlike structure, the size of which varies according to several factors, notably the amount of distention. For sometime after a meal, the stomach is enlarged because of distention of its walls, but, as food leaves, the walls partially collapse, leaving the organ about the size of a large sausage. In adults the stomach usually holds a volume upto 1.0 to 1.5L. ANATOMY OF STOMACH 1.1.1 Divisions of the stomach: The fundus, body and the pylorus are the three divisions of the stomach. The fundus is the enlargement portion of the left and above opening of the oesophagus into the stomach. The body is the central part of the stomach, and the pylorus is its lower portion. 1.1.2 Curves of the stomach: The curve formed by the upper right surface of the stomach is known as the lesser curvature; the curve formed by the lower left surface is known as the greater curvature. 1.1.3 Sphincter muscles: Sphincter muscles guard both stomach openings. A sphincter muscle consists of circular fibres so arranged that there is an opening in the centre of them (like the hole in a doughnut) when they are relaxed and no opening when they are contracted. The cardiac sphincter controls the opening of the oesophagus into the stomach, and the pyloric sphincter controls the opening from the pyloric portion of the stomach into the first part of the small intestine. 1.1.4 Stomach wall: Gastric mucosa The epithelial lining of the stomach is thrown into folds, called rugae, and marked by depressions called gastric pits. Numerous coiled tubular- type glands, gastric glands, are found below the level of the pits, particularly in the fundus and body of the stomach. The glands secrete most of the gastric juice, a mucous fluid containing digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid. 1.1.5 Functions of the stomach: The stomach carries on the following the functions: It serves as a reservoir, storing food until it can be partially digested and moved further along the gastrointestinal tract. It secretes gastric juice, containing acid and enzymes, to aid in the digestion of food. It carries on the limited amount of absorption of some water, alcohol, and certain drugs. It produces the hormone gastrin, which helps regulation of digestive functions. It helps to protect the body by destroying pathogenic bacteria swallowed with food or with mucous from the respiratory tract. 1.2 Regulation of gastric acid secretion: The mechanisms operating at the gastric parietal cells as summarized in the above figure. The terminal enzyme H+K+ATPase (proton pump) which secretes H+ ions in the apical canaliculi of parietal cells can be activated by histamine, Ach and gastrin acting via their own receptors located on the basolateral membrane of these cells.Out of the three physiological secretagogues, histamine, acting through H2 receptors, plays the dominant role, because the other two, gastrin and Ach act partly directly by releasing histamine from paracrine enterochromaffin like cells called histaminocytes located in the oxyntic glands. While H2 receptors activate H+K+ATPase by generating cAMP, muscarinic and gastrin receptors appear to function through the phospholipaseC -IP3-DAG pathway that mobilizes intracellular Ca+. The cAMP mediated proton pump activation also involves Ca+. The secretomotor response to gastrin and cholinergic agonists is expressed fully only in the presence of cAMP generated by H2 acti vation. As such, histamine participates in the acid response to gastrin and Ach at more than one levels, and H2 antagonists suppress not only histamine but also Ach, pentagastrin and in fact any gastric acid secretory stimulus. Gastrin is secreted from the antrum in response to rise in antral pH, food constituents and vagally mediated reflexes. The dominant muscarinic receptor mediating vagal responses is of M1 subtype. Its location on the ganglion cells of the intramural plexuses has been confirmed. The parietal cell muscarinic receptor is of the M2 subtype but the subtype of muscarinic receptor on histaminocytes has not been defined. Vagus releases Ach in dose proximity to histaminocytes and gastrin secreting cells, but apparently at a distance from the parietal cells. Prostaglandins have been ascribed a cytoprotective role in the gastric mucosa by augmenting mucus and bicarbonate secretion, as well as other actions. PGE2, produced by gastric mucosa, inhibits acid secretion by opposing cAMP generation and gastrin release. CONTROL OF GASTRIC ACID IN STOMACH: 1.3 Peptic Ulcer Peptic ulcers disease refers to a group of disorders characterized by circumscribed lesions of the mucosa of the upper gastrointestinal tract (especially of the stomach and duodenum). The lesions occur in regions exposed to gastric juices. When the stomachs natural protections from acid stop working ulcers will occur. Duodenal ulcers almost always develop in the duodenal bulb (the first few centimetres of the duodenum). A few, however, arise between the bulb and the ampulla. Gastric ulcers form most commonly in the antrum or at the antral-fundal junction. Nearly 80 % of peptic ulcers are duodenal the others are gastric ulcers. Most duodenal ulcers appear in people between ages 20 and 50 years, while gastric ulcer usually occurs between ages 45 and 55 years. Duodenal ulcer is twice as common in men as in women and gastric ulcers affect men and women equally. Approximately 10 to 20 % of gastric ulcer patients also have a concurrent duodenal ulcer. Gastric ulcer is often a chronic disease and may persist for 10 to 20 years characterized by repeated episodes of healing and re-exacerbation. Peptic ulcers occur when there is an imbalance between offensive factors and defensive mucosal factors (Goel and Bhattacharya, 1991). Ulceration in the mucosa can be because of either breakdown of mucosa with the development of surface defects or failure of restitution of mucosal integrity resulting in retardation or failure of healing of the ulcers. No apparent causal factor is sufficiently uniquely associated with peptic ulcers to warrant unequivocal implication in pathogenesis of the ulceration. The mechanism of defensive action consists of humoral, functional and neuronal factors. All these factors are responsible for the mucosal protection. The precise biochemical changes during ulcer generation are not clear yet, although various hypotheses have been proposed from time to time. Increased gastric motility, vagal over activity, mast cell degranulation decreased gastric mucosal blood flow and decreased prostaglandin level during stress condition is thought to be involved in ulcer generation. Similarly role of oxygen derived free radicals have been shown to play a role in experimental gastric damage induced by ischemia and reperfusion, hemorrhagic shock and ethanol administration. Helicobacter pylori a pathogen is now known to be the most common and important causes of gastric ulcer in humans (Davies et al., 1994), exhibits active inflammation with epithelial damage accompanied by neutrophil migration. Although the currently used drugs for ulceration are broadly classified into two, those that decrease or counter increase in acid-pepsin secretion and those that afford cytoprotection by virtue of their effects on mucosal defensive factors. Ulcer treatment can be carried out by reducing the action of aggravating factors. Since gastric acid is one of the major aggressive factor contributing to peptic ulcer disease, the reduction of gastric acid either by surgical or pharmacological intervention has been used to promote ulcer healing. However, not all patients, with gastric or duodenal ulcer have high acid secretion. In fact, only 30%-40% of cases with duodenal ulcer have hypersecretion of gastric acid and, in patients with gastric ulcer, acid secretion is either normal or low (Gupta et al., 1980). In these cases, decreased mucosal resistance might be the dominant factor. The neutralization of gastric acid can be done by antacid administration, but their effectiveness is only for a brief period. Muscarinic antagonists such as pirenzepine or telenzepine are effective inhibitors of acid production. The histamine H2-receptor antagonists (H2RA) like cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine etc. act as potent inhibitors of acid secretion. Complete inhibition of parietal cells acid secretion by receptor antagonist is difficult because of complexity of known receptors on parietal cells and a variety of second messenger signaling system coupled to these receptors, which involve adenylate cyclase coupled with histamine receptor and intracellular Ca+2 with acetylcholine receptors. Thus, the most successful and desirable therapy is to inhibit the enzyme responsible for acid secretion. Moreover, H2RA have been reported to have some adverse reactions ranging from gastric carcinoid to tolerance and rebound acid secretion. Inhibition of gastric H+/K+ -ATPase of the pariet al cell by drugs such as by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like omeprazole, lansoprazole, timoprazole, etc. has been shown to be effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. However, such agents irreversibly inactivate the ATPase and the return of acid secretion following such inhibition requires de novo synthesis of new pump. Although these drugs have brought about remarkable changes in ulcer therapy, the efficiency of these drugs is still debatable. Reports on clinical evaluation of these drugs shows that there are incidences of relapses and adverse effects and danger of drug interactions during ulcer therapy. Further, in the developing countries, like India, most of the population is living in rural areas and depending on their indigenous system of drugs because of expensive modern treatment. Hence, the search for an ideal anti-ulcer drug continues and has also been extended to herbal drugs in search for new and novel molecules, which afford better protection, decrease the incidence of relapse and decrease the cost of the treatment. Of late the search for new safe alternative drugs have rekindled the interest in cytoprotective drugs, which protects the mucosal layer from inducing agents. Cytoprotection has been defined as the ability of pharmacological agents-originally prostaglandins to prevent or reduce gastric, duodenal, or intestinal mucosal injury by mechanisms other than inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Although few drugs like sucralfate and prostaglandin analogs are recognized as cytoprotective agents (Vergin and Kori-Lindner, 1990), many natural drugs have been reported to posses this activity viz. plantain banana (Musa sapientum var Paradisiaca), Tectona grandis, Azadirachta indica and rasayana drugs like Centella asiatica, Asparagus racemosus, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Emblica officinalis, Bacopa monniera and Withania somnifera, etc. (Goel and Sairam , 2002). India is one of the country rich in medicinal plants which were used by our ancestors. Traditionally, plants were used as medicine in a traditional way such as Ayurveda, Naturopathy, Siddha and Unani. After knowing the used of plants in medicine, synthetic drugs were now started replacing by herbal products. Humans have used plant materials since prehistoric times and in some countries such as China documentary evidence shows that herbal medicines have been used for at least 7000 years. In Europe there is a rich history in the use of herbal medicines and these have been well documented in medieval herbals such as Culpepers and Gerards materia medica. Nowadays many countries are having interest in using Indian medicinal plants as it can cure many diseases and other purposes. Herbal medicines differ from synthetic drugs in several attributes. Though, herbal medicines are mixed chemical compounds, all have not been isolated, characterized and quantified. When an extract of a plant or a compound isolated from the plant has to be clinically evaluated for a therapeutic effect not originally described in the texts of traditional systems or, the method of preparation is different, it has to be treated as a new substances or new chemical entity. The same type of acute, subacute and chronic toxicity data has to be generated. Majority of medicinal herbs contain dozens of different compounds, often of great complexity, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, mucilage, tannins, polysaccharides, etc., that buffer, modulates and modify the effect of any active principles. Study after study has shown that administering of isolated purified constituents of the whole or part of the plant cannot mimic effects produced by extracts of same part of the plant. 1.3.1 Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Peptic ulcer generally occurs when aggravating factors are higher than defensive mucosal factors(Goel Bhattacharya, 1991). The peptic ulcer can be treated by reducing the activity of aggravating factors thereby increasing the activity of defensive factors. H. Pylori H.Pyloric is a Gram -ve spiral-shaped bacterium. H.Pyloric is the most common cause of non-NASID associated peptic ulcer disease. H.Pyloric has been found in the gastric antrum of a significant number of patients with duodenal ulcers and gastric ulcers. H.Pyloric lives in the acidic environment of the stomach. The initial infection is transmitted by the oral route. H.Pyloric attaches to adhesion molecules on the surface of gastric epithelial cells. In the duodenum, H.Pyloric attaches only to areas containing gastric epithelial cell that have arisen as a result of excess and damage to the duodenal mucosa. H.Pyloric is able to live in such a hostile environment partly because of its production of the enzyme increase, which converts urea to ammonia. The ammonia buffers the H+ and forms ammonia OH creating an alkaline cloud around the bacteria and protecting it from the acidic environment of the stomach. It causes inflammation and epithelial cell damage (Golan, and Arman). Nsaids More than 100, 000 patients are hospitalised each year for NSAID-associated gastro-intestinal complications and gastrointestinal bleeding has a 5% to 10% mortality rate in these patients. NSAID-associated gastrointestinal damage is attributable to both topical injury and systemise effects of the NSAID. Most NSAIDS are weak organic acids. In the acidic environment of the stomach, these drugs are neutral components that can cross the plasma membrane and enter gastric epithelial cells. In the neutral intracellular environment, the drugs are recognized and trapped. The resulting intracellular damage is responsible for the local gastrointestinal injury associated with NSAID use. Gastric acid secretion Inhibition of cycloxygenase prostaglandins Bicarbonate/ Mucous Production Blood flow NSAIDS Neutrophil adherence Mucosal dama- Expression of intercellular vascular endothelial ge due to neutro- Adhesion molecules in gastric cells phil free radicals Vascular endothelium and proteases. Acid hypersecretion Acid hypersection is an important causative factor in some patients with peptic ulcer disease. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome(Z-E-S)are two clinical examples in which hyperacidity leads to peptic ulcer disease. In Z-E-S, a gastrin-recreting tumor of the non-beta cells of the endrocrine pancrease lead to increased acid secretion. In lusting ulcer, seen in patients with reverse head injuries, heightened vagaltone causes gastric hyperacidity. Figure is showing the interactions among an enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell that secretes histamine, a parietal cell that secretes acid, and a superficial epithelial cell that secretes cytoprotective mucus and bicarbonate. Physiological pathways, shown in solid black, may be stimulatory (+) or inhibitory (-). 1 and 3 indicate possible inputs from postganglionic cholinergic fibres, while 2 shows neural input from the vagus nerve. Physiological agonists and their respective membrane receptors include acetylcholine (ACh), muscarinic (M), and nicotinic (N) receptors; gastrin, cholecystokinin receptor 2 (CCK2); histamine (HIST), H2 receptor; and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), EP3 receptor. Drug actions are indicated by dashed lines. A blue X indicates targets of pharmacological antagonism. A light blue dashed arrow indicates a drug action that mimics or enhances a physiological pathway. Shown in blue are drugs used to treat acid-peptic disorders. NSAIDs are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and are ulcerogenic. 1.4 Gastrointestinal Motility: Laxatives are drugs that either accelerate faecal passage or decrease faecal consistency. They work by promoting one or more of the mechanisms that cause diarrhoea. Because of the wide availability and marketing of OTC laxatives, there is a potential that an appropriate diagnosis will not be sought (Jahangir moini). Rarely in medicine is there an absolute indication for the use of laxatives. A high fibre, well-balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables supplemented by bran should be enough to normalize bowel function. The fear of autointoxication and the constant concern of many patients regarding the frequency and quality of bowel movement make laxatives one of the most popular over the counter drugs in the market with serious potential for user abuse. Accepted indications for laxatives and stool softeners include preparation for diagnostic colonic examination (Barium enema, colonoscopy: treatment of anorectal disorders) and prevention of hepatic encephalopathy (Smith and Reynard). Fibre is defined as the undigested residue of fruits, vegetables, and other foods of plant origin after digestion by the human GI enzymes. Fibres water holding capacity is the ability of the fibre to hold water and make bulking of faecal materials possible. Fibres stool bulking capacity is the ability of the fibre to increase the volume of intestinal content because it can absorb and holds water. Bacterial growth in the colon provides additional bulking. Insoluble fibres speeds GI transit time. Cholinergic mechanisms are also responsible for modulating motor phenomena in the gut; thus it is not surprising that cholinomimetic agents are effective in promoting gastrointestinal motility. It also has cholinomimetic properties, apparently sensitizing intestinal smooth muscle cells to the action of Acetylcholine rather than acting on acetylcholine receptors. The drugs acts to hasten esophageal clearance, raise lower esophageal sphincter pressure, accelerate gastric emptying, and shorten small bowel transit time 1.4.1 Mechanism of Laxative Action: (KD Tripathi, 1999) a. By their hydrophilic or osmotic nature, laxative can cause retention of fluids, in the colonic content, as well as increase the mass. b. Inhibiting Na+K+ATPase of villous cells impairing electrolyte and water absorption. c. Stimulating adenyl cyclase in crypt cells increasing water and electrolyte secretion. d. Enhancing PG synthesis in mucosa which increases secretion. e. Structural injury to the absorbing intestinal mucosal cells. 1.4.2 Classification of Laxatives:- Many drugs in low doses act as laxative and in larger doses as purgatives 1. Bulk forming 4. Stimulant purgatives Dietary fibre: Bran (a) Diphenylmethanes Psyllium Phenolphthalein Methylcellulose (b) Castor oil 5. Anthraquinones 2. Stool softner Senna, Cascara sagrada Docusates (DOSS) 6. Osmotic purgatives 3. Lubricant Magnesium, sodium salts Liquid paraffin Lactulose 1.4.3 Anthraquinone Derivatives:- Senna is obtained from the leaves and pods of Cassia augustifolia and contains the anthraquinone glycosides called emodins. In oral dose the sennosides is poorly absorbed, but after removal of the sugar and reduction to anthrol by colonic bacteria, they are absorbed into circulation excreted in bile to act on small intestine. It takes 6-7 hrs to produce action. The active principle is believed to act on the myentric plexus to increase peristalsis and decrease segmentation. They also inhibit salt and water absorption in the colon. In India, sennosides are usually marketed in combination with stool softeners such as docusates. Side effects observed are nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, colic, urine discoloration (yellowish brown to red) and melanosis (colonic atony and mucosal pigmentation after a regular use of the drug). It should be used cautiously in women and children bebelow years of age, and after abdominal surgery. Preparations GLAXENNA tab. Sennosides ( calcium salt) 11.5 mg. SOFSENA tab 12 mg. PURSENNID tab -18 mg LAXSENA tab 12mg, 18mg(forte)

The History of Computers :: Computers Technology Essays

The History of Computers Thousands of years ago calculations were done using people’s fingers and pebbles that were found just lying around. Technology has transformed so much that today the most complicated computations are done within seconds. Human dependency on computers is increasing everyday. Just think how hard it would be to live a week without a computer. We owe the advancements of computers and other such electronic devices to the intelligence of men of the past. The history of the computer dates back all the way to the prehistoric times. The first step towards the development of the computer, the abacus, was developed in Babylonia in 500 B.C. and functioned as a simple counting tool. It was not until thousands of years later that the first calculator was produced. In 1623, the first mechanical calculator was invented by Wilhelm Schikard, the â€Å"Calculating Clock,† as it was often referred to as, â€Å"performed it’s operations by wheels, which worked similar to a car’s odometer† (Evolution, 1). Still, there had not yet been anything invented that could even be characterized as a computer. Finally, in 1625 the slide rule was created becoming â€Å"the first analog computer of the modern ages† (Evolution, 1). One of the biggest breakthroughs came from by Blaise Pascal in 1642, who invented a mechanical calculator whose main function was adding and subtracting numbers. Years later, Gottfr ied Leibnez improved Pascal’s model by allowing it to also perform such operations as multiplying, dividing, taking the square root. Technology continued to prosper in the computer world into the nineteenth century. A major figure during this time is Charles Babbage, designed the idea of the Difference Engine in the year 1820. It was a calculating machine designed to tabulate the results of mathematical functions (Evans, 38). Babbage, however, never completed this invention because he came up with a newer creation in which he named the Analytical Engine. This computer was expected to solve â€Å"any mathematical problem† (Triumph, 2). It relied on the punch card input. The machine was never actually finished by Babbage, and today Herman Hollerith has been credited with the fabrication of the punch card tabulating machine.

Twa Task

All the University in the world are focusing on environmental protection and improvement [1]. We are living in an era of Industrialization. We are consuming a lot more products In our lives as compared to our ancestors; this is to improve the quality of life by saving time, facilitating ourselves and much more. Most of the world Industries are grown with certain pace and they have achieved maturity with the time. Then there are many environmental control authorities and regulatory authorities which enforce certain environmental protection laws upon them.But unfortunately as far as Environmental protection is concerned Information and Communication industry is growing at such a faster pace that such kind of controls re not fully implemented or observed by CIT industry[2]. This is a huge danger for the world environment. The main focus has mostly been upon competing with the competitors and introducing latest technology as fast in the market as possible. It is also consuming ever great er amounts of energy and is therefore the source of significant CA emissions.According to calculation IT now causes the release of as much carbon dioxide Into the atmosphere as nearly 320 million cars, worldwide IT help curb this alarming trend. Simply by consistently Implementing known energy- conserving approaches, the CA emitted by IT systems can be nearly halved Green IT† is what analysts, manufacturers and providers call all IT solutions that save energy at business organizations. These include hardware, software and services. Where hardware is concerned, energy-efficient desktop PC's, thin-client architectures and data-center hardware offer answers, and so do energy supply and cooling systems[2].In the software and service area, there is significant potential In fertilization, in solutions for dynamic capacity management and data-center planning, and in storage-system off shoring. You cannot purchase or order Green IT directly, but intelligent solutions re available that contribute to sustainability. And with the Increasing convergence of IT and telecommunications, It possible to take the Green concept a step further[3]. The positive approaches of Green IT need to be combined with solutions from the Green ‘CT.Green CIT extends to other, less commonly considered aspects of the entire life cycle. This includes experienced procurement, employee behavior, running data centers on sustainable generated energy, environmentally sound disposal of used electrical equipment, and as much recycling as possible. CIT is not intrinsically â€Å"green†, because it itself consumes energy and raw materials. But CIT can be leveraged to make business processes more energy-efficient[l]. The main focus has mostly been upon competing with the competitors and introducing latest technology as fast in the market as possible.So the preliminary part of the project share some challenges which CIT Environmental control is facing on creating a Green CIT environment i n the University. The goals of this project is to introducing and promoting Green Information and Communication Technology in the university[2]. This step of the project would then easily be implemented in the industry and all over the world. Due to rapid increase in Communication and computing technology we tend to face a very big issue of regular advancements in technology and the older technology tends to grow obsolete.This creates a lot of waste material, as most of the University is not creating communication and computing technologies in a way that they can be recycled. Definitely there is a lot of competition in the market and it would increase the production cost of the industry which is focusing on recycling as well[2]. But we intend to Join hands with the environmental control organizations and regulatory authorities which are working to aka it a compulsion on industry to produce recycle able products. Then we will also focus that this industry must make low power consumpt ion CIT products.Also in their manufacturing they must also work on reducing their power consumption by making their systems efficient. As it focusing on conserving energy and making environment better, it include the advantage of using CIT products in the environment for telecommuting[3]. Review :Current technology – Recently applied technologies which reduces CA A closer look at how CIT causes carbon dioxide emissions reveals two main culprits: University office desktop environments and data enters. Most of ‘CT-related CA emissions are caused by desktop computers and their monitors, and another by servers and cooling systems.We will therefore begin by discussing ways for Green CIT to reduce CA emissions in University office environments and in data centers[3]. Green CIT not only protects the environment by reducing the emissions emitted by CIT itself. When effectively and comprehensively applied, it can contribute much more. In University office environments, there is a long and established practice of replacing conventional means of communication with CIT applications. To a large extent, hardcopy letters (along with the corresponding paper consumption, transportation and logistics) have been replaced by e-mail and testing[l].Further savings potential lies in the creation of electronic work processes. This includes digitizing, archiving and distributing documents by e-mail or uploading them to a website making them available for all downstream operations. This generates savings in terms of paper, energy consumption and CA. Today, innovative solutions are available for high-tech â€Å"pens† integrated digital process, saving process costs and preventing information loss[2]. Thin clients are much more energy-efficient than conventional desktop PC's, reducing CA emissions and the cost of purchase and operation.Replacing a desktop PC with a thin client reduces the CA emissions of the desktop system. Thin clients are much lighter and more comp act, and consist of fewer components – yielding benefits with regard to transportation, disposal, and consumption of materials. Green CIT can improve business processes that are not directly involved in ‘CT, and dramatically lower CA emissions throughout the process chain. It is here that its true potential becomes apparent that CIT now accounts for global CA emissions. But Green CIT can also help significantly reduce the CA emissions not caused by CIT[2].Rationale and Systems Analysis According to the IT director of the University of Bradford, the campus provides IT facilities for the students use, the university has an assets of almost 3000 PC's and three servers which are used in a daily basis which unfortunately are not used appropriately and efficiently. However, at peak times the students use around 1 500 PC's, which basically is half of the PC's of the university. So in order to avoid power loss, an assets management system will be designed and applied within the campus.On the other hand, university servers use up to 27. 1 % of the campus's energy, so a new cooling system is already being installed in order to reduce the energy costs and the CA emissions. In addition to that, the estimation of the base load is around 20% of the energy which is considered highly utilized; a vast amount of the energy worn needs a major reduction as much as possible. Therefore, an investigation will be undertaken to identify different solutions which participate in the base load reduction . An initial plan will be designed to be employed within the campus.Since he students are considered a major contributor towards the energy usage. An awareness event will take place in the campus to help students understand the concept of the green technology. During this week simple energy efficiency programs will be undertaken. While the campaign is taking place the energy usage will be monitored and observed before and after the event. Currently the biggest problem rising is that the number of students enrolled in the university is around 15000 students and assuming 90% of the students have their own PC or laptop.So the idea of applying the cloud computing will save an enormous amount of money and at name time it will reduce the CA emissions. So the idea of cloud computing offers an efficient way of solving this problem. A model building will be chosen and modifications will be applied to this building, the energy usage of the building before the modifications will be compared to the usage after the modifications. The results will basically show whether its sufficient to apply them or not.Solution research 1) CIT devices can be made power efficient Each and every University office desktop offers opportunities to save energy. This involves both energy-efficient use of equipment ND the use of energy-efficient equipment. Even without deploying any new workers to change their habits. University policies can be developed and published making employees awa re of how they can contribute through the use of hibernation mode and power-management software for hardware, duplex printing, and generally avoiding unnecessary printouts.The latest generation of energy-conserving desktop PC's, thanks to their better power units, storage technology and processors can slash energy costs[2]. State-of-threat LCD screens and thin-client architectures offer further opportunities for savings. The consistent, enterprise-wide deployment of energy-efficient and cost-saving equipment is a major challenge. Outsourcing the entire office CIT landscape is one way to implement Green CIT – by minimizing the number of desktop computers and printers and maximizing their efficiency.University typically use a large number of, often different, devices for printing, faxing, copying and scanning. This complex landscape often leads to a lack of transparency, and there are often no accurate figures available on the total cost of operation[3]. However, the ratio of u sers to devices can be significantly improved by analyzing the rent infrastructure and actual user requirements: then changes can be made to the type, number and position of devices, ensuring better use is made of available capacity, and reducing stand-by and idle times.Thin clients are much more energy-efficient than conventional desktop PC's. Thin clients are much lighter and more compact, and consist of fewer components – yielding benefits with regard to transportation, disposal, and consumption of materials. Just getting to and from the University office inflicts considerable burdens on the environment: millions of commuters spend hours every day on roads, spewing immense amounts of exhaust gases into the atmosphere[3]. 2) CIT manufacturing industries can save a lot of money CIT devices consume 80% of power of their whole life during their manufacturing in the industry.Only 20% of the power is consumed during their operational life and industry is more focused on saving s ome percentage of this 20% power. Indeed it is of key importance but we are more concerned about the 80% part as by deploying energy efficient machinery we can save a lot of cost, by conserving energy. Manufacturing of CIT devices consumes a lot of natural resources like fossil fuels, water and chemicals. And due to regular advancement in the CIT industry a device has a life cycle of one to two years hardly[2]. Then in becomes obsolete.This then leads to another problem, there is hardly any professional recycling process or method introduced by industry so that the precious chemicals, iron, copper and other materials used in manufacturing can be properly disposed or recycled to conserve energy and resources. Then instead of throwing away or recycling these products we can focus on manufacturing and introducing products which can support and handle future development[l]. They can be upgraded. Manufacturers can get back this extra cost on recycle able design by getting benefit from re cycling. But they only face time limitations due to high competition level.However there are regulatory authorities which are now focusing on implementing environmental laws on CIT manufacturers[2]. PER, extended producer responsibility is a concept owe a lot of responsibility in protecting environment from the wastes of their industries, high energy consumption and much more. 3) Consumers can become a force, by purchasing recycle able and upgrade able product But we as consumers owe a good share of this responsibility. We must purchase those CIT products which are recycle able, which can be upgraded, which consume low power and which are made in an energy efficient environment.In the university we will introduce only those CIT devices which are up to the mark on above mentioned standards, so that there might not be any harm to the environment. Then we will do research on efficient energy consumption products. We will try to make devices which utilize very little energy [2]. Also we will focus on understanding the up gradation possibilities of less efficient industrial machinery in CIT industry. We must focus on the fundamental sign of the CIT products, because it is only at this stage that we can design devices which can be upgraded and recycled.We will try to limit as much as possible the use of toxic chemicals in the manufacturing of CIT products because if not recycled, these chemicals destroy our environment which is largely the case at this time. And we must understand that it is a global responsibility, this message from our research must prevail in the whole world[3]. We must try to educate people about the adverse effects of these bad practices of unjustly dumping CIT devices. IT devices and data enters in different organizations and our university as well consume a lot of energy and sometimes it is more than what is displayed on the devices due to older devices.Therefore power efficiency is now given key factor in calculating the efficiency of the da ta centers. Project Deliverables Increasingly, CIT solutions are used to support University processes. These solutions can streamline University processes and have enormous potential for reducing CA emissions, because they improve the utilization of resources and allow them to be shared. CIT also permits in-depth monitoring of energy consumption and CA emissions throughout the value chain, so University processes and organizational structures can be enhanced accordingly[2].The potential savings are particularly great in University with extensive, complex supply chains. But CIT can also have a major impact on supporting processes, I. E. Via resource utilization in offices. In University with complex supply chains, efforts focus on reducing transportation. Intelligent transportation systems combine an array of applications to cut fuel consumption by up to 30%, in conjunction with much lower CA emissions – but with no loss in service quality. These systems are based on detailed, up-to-the- minute traffic information captured by an extensive network of IT devices and transmitted by telecommunications equipment.Route planners and navigation systems then calculate and continually update the best possible route for vehicles and payloads[3]. The aim is to minimize the distances traveled, and the corresponding time, fuel costs, and to a large extent, CA emissions. Other applications, such as precise satellite RIFF-assisted positioning solutions, enable more efficient utilization of entire vehicle fleets. These technologies can also be applied to water and air transportation; for example, streamlining airfreight operations could reduce fuel consumption by more than 10%. Racing systems, with nationalization through reduced charges, can encourage the use of low emission trucks[l]. Increasingly precise and realistic computer-aided simulation and design tools (CAD) are gradually eliminating or at least minimizing the necessity of physical prototypes. Here too, greate r attention can be paid to software- aided energy-saving functions for users. At the level of the vehicles themselves, automatic start-stop functions briefly switch the engine off when the clutch is snagged.Many non-core, cross-industry processes can be positively influenced by ‘CT. Energy management is a particularly effective approach. Ideally, energy efficiency should be a key consideration from the outset, I. E. When planning and designing new offices and production facilities, giving rise to â€Å"smart buildings†. But innovative energy management systems can also be retrofitted at reasonable expense in existing buildings, adjusting the power consumption of lighting, heating and cooling systems in line with actual requirements.For private households, various providers re now developing smart metering and home management systems that comply with the EX. energy efficiency directive by identifying powering systems and opportunities for savings, and by influencing cons umer behavior[2]. IT plays a key role in applications of this kind. In practically all businesses, paper consumption could be slashed by greater use of e-mail, e-billing and electronic archiving systems.Especially at large national and international organizations with central archives, automated workflow can dramatically accelerate processes by eliminating physical transportation and the associated traffic[l]. Currently, there are many data centers in the University. Green CIT could realize enormous savings in all of these data centers. Widespread use of state-of-the-art energy-efficient technologies and solutions, such as fertilization, could push the power consumption of data centers down to almost halving it in Just few years [2]. Another crucial factor is load.Servers in well-organized environments with UNIX machines operate at Just 35 to 45% of capacity; with Intel servers, the figure is even lower, at 15 to 30%. On average, only 25 to 40% of data storage capacity is used. Util ization rates an be considerably improved by consolidating servers, storage systems and entire data centers – saving a great deal of energy. Fragmented legacy data-center landscapes can be consolidated to Just a few data centers. Outsourcing often plays a major role. An IT service provider, for example, can operate a small number of large, efficient data centers that support multiple customer organizations [3].It is also possible to make better use of data-center resources, for example, by fertilization and by deploying shared-services solutions. This involves creating logical systems that are independent of the underlying physical assets. Instead of being dedicated to specific purposes, resources are shared and therefore used more efficiently. The ability to intelligently assign and administer resources is a key function within any fertilization solution. It ensures maximum flexibility in resource allocation. When servers are only operating under part load they still consume nearly as much power as fully utilized ones.Fertilization makes it possible to shut down servers that are largely idle, maximizing savings. Another possibility is for enterprises to access networks. Servers can share resources, and state-of-the-art fertilization technology ND standardization can be leveraged to maximize utilization of existing hardware Project Timeline Comparison between the traditional building and the building after modification It is observed that by implementing new model energy-consumption savings at University is around 50% and by using different technology energy-consumption savings at University can be reduce to 25% in comparison to traditional model.Figure 1 : Comparison of Energy consumption between traditional model and new model Figure 2 : Comparison of Energy consumption between traditional model and different model Conclusion The issues of climate change and environmental protection have been debated for decades. Now they have become part and parcel o f day-to-day business reality; Universities are accepting responsibility for the CA emissions they cause and are taking action. CIT has, in many ways, a vital role to play.It accounts for about two percent of global CA emissions, which must, and can, be curtailed. In addition, through the intelligent use of CIT solutions to support University processes in other Universities, it can help curb the other 98 % of emissions. The deployment of Green CIT makes a valuable contribution to protecting the environment. Many of the approaches presented in this paper are associated with lower costs, especially those that target energy consumption. They also improve a University image, and noticeably raise students and employee satisfaction.And as policymakers increasingly address climate change, new legislation and regulations on CIT can be expected in the near future. So Universities are well-advised to act now. Some approaches are already being practiced now. Every University has its own unique situation, and the first step should therefore be to analyze it. We have already ascribed possible approaches for University processes, data centers and office environments. Quick wins can be achieved by harvesting â€Å"low-hanging fruit†, for example by encouraging more energy-efficient use of office equipment or duplex printing.

People money markets

After a few years of using the fiat system, the country of Monolayer decides to review Its monetary Institutions. Its economy has been quite volatile. Inflation has been high and the currency has depreciated. All this has caused foreign investment to drop dramatically. Currently, its central bankers are elected every two years. The country is considering a gold standard versus an independent central bank. What's the best way to go? Why? Answer: Monoplane's should consider Independent central bank over the gold standard.In the long run, the Independent central bank will be most suitable for a country with a volatile economy. It has certain advantages over the gold standard. Individuals have more certainty in the Central Bank; thus this serves to decrease Inflationary expectations. This makes Inflation low and steady. Another reason to keep Central banks independent from government In that governments have a tendency to settle on poor choices about fiscal strategy. Specifically when th ere is a tendency to be impacted by political contemplations.Therefore, when central bank Is independent such ulterior motives of government officials have no Impact on a country's economic state. Typically before elections, governments are enticed to cut interest rates. This expands investment development, diminishes unemployment and increments the political back of the gathering. On the other hand, this expansionary monetary policy might prompt inflation and blast and bust economic cycles. Therefore, It Is better to take financial approach out of government's hand so they are not able to play with a counters economy for their arsenal gains.Another reason to choose Independent central bank over gold standard is that gold standard limits the economic growth. Therefore, the country should continue to have fiat system with Independent central bank. Q. You're running the central bank off country called Cazenovia. The central bank that you lead is not Independent. So whenever the Prime Minister calls you to suggest that something be done, you obey. The Prime Minister calls you one day complaining that the currency is too high. Apparently, exporters are concerned thatScandinavia high currency rate is making them lose business abroad. What could you do as a central banker to get the currency to decline? Answer: As a banker, there are several possibilities to cause the currency value to depreciate and still keep the economy strong. Interest rates and currency exchange rates are correlated. To get the currency of Conclave to decline, it is required by the central bank to decrease lending rates. Another way Is to devalue the currency. By making It cheaper for the outside world to buy our goods and services at a lesser value than for the holders ofConvivial currency to purchase foreign goods and services. This will maintain the interest of foreign investors in our economy and they will pour more money into the economy. The exporters can keep make profits abroad. Further more, central banks can directly Increase the supply of money on the foreign exchange markets. It can 1 OFF This will increase the supply of Convivial money on the foreign exchange market, and decrease the supply of foreign currency, causing a depreciation in the value of the our currency.