Appearance of Pre-Hispanic Filipinos Essay Example for Free

Appearance of Pre-Hispanic Filipinos EssayThe natives of the Philippine islands already wore different types of frameworking and ornaments before the arrival of Spanish colonizers. The men usually wore short-sleeved, collarless jackets that reached just below the waste. The jackets were also symbols of their status in the community. The chief usually wore red, for example. The bahag was worn for the lower part. It is a strip of cloth wrapped close to the waist which passes between the things, leaving the thighs and legs exposed. A head gear or a putong is a piece of cloth wrapped around the head. This is also important like the color of the jacket. A red putong meant that the wearer has already gone to war and killed an enemy. An embroidered putong meant that the wearer has killed at least seven enemies. Adornments such(prenominal) as necklaces, armlets or kalombiga, anklets, earrings and rings were also worn. These were usually made of gold and other precious stones. Women also wore sleeved jackets called baro and skirts called saya or patadyong. Women fancied wearing ornaments as well such as gem-studded bracelets, necklaces, earrings, and rings.Tattoos Tattoos played an important part in the appearance of pre-Hispanic Filipinos both for the men and women. Tattoos were considered to be the equivalent of medals, one had to work for and earn it. The more tattoos a person had, the more impressive was his or her war record. The Visayas was known to be the Islas del Pintados or Islands of the Painted People because it was the there that the early Spanish colonizers observed genuinely tattooed people and Spanish writers referred to them as the pintados, meaning painted.

Aryabhata I and How He Influenced Math Essay Example for Free

Aryabhata I and How He Influenced Math EssayAryabhata I was born in Kerala, India, but go to Kusumapura early in life. His contribution to mathematics and science is vast, from approximating Pi better than any whizz in his time period to deducing the Earth is round. He had many scientific and mathematic discoveries, which he wrote about in his book, the Aryabhatiya. He declared that the Earth rotates on its own axis and employ logic to determine that this is what created night and day. (Jain)Part of Aryabhatas fame was brought by his debunking myths of both religious and general varieties. Instead of the previously believed fact distributed by the Hindu priests that it was a demons head named Rahu swallowing the sun and moon, Aryabhata be them wrong by driving the theory that eclipses happen because of the shadow given off by the earth and moon in place of the Hindu myth. other(prenominal) myth he disproved by declaration was the thought that the moon gave off its own light, giving it the glow that dominated the night sky. In 499 A.D., at get on with 23, he wrote Aryabhatiya, which would be known as his famous astronomical opus. As a result of his paper, the Gupta dynasty loomr, Buddhagupta, gave him the title of Head of the Nalanda University to recognize his intellect (Kumar). Later, it is believed that he wrote another book, called the Aryabhata-siddhanta, but it is now lost (Jain). The book is split into three parts the Ganita, which translates to Mathematics the Kala-Kriya, which contains Time Calculations and the Gola, which is mainly sphere mathematics. The Ganita is astonishing because of its lack of proof concerning the 66 rules it provides (Aryabhata I).Aryabhatas mind is also the basis of algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. He created the equation for finding the circumference of a circle using the radius instead of the diameter, the likes of the Greeks used. Forthis equation, C = 2r2, he had to have a close value for , which he successfu lly approximated somehow, and shared his discovery in Aryabhatiya Add four to one hundred, multiply by eight and then add sixty-two thousand. The result is approximately the circumference of a circle of diameter twenty thousand. By this rule the relation of the circumference to diameter is given. In other words, n = 62382/20000 = 3.1416, correct to four rounded-off decimal places (Jacobs). The advancements on finding the numerical value of have dramatically increased since then, having calculated numbers on the upside of 5 trillion. His contributions to the mathematical world are still vast, and his discoveries are the foundation for modern algebra and through that, roughly of math overall.Aryabhata I calculated the length of a sidereal rotation and year in his book as well. As for the sidereal rotation, he used the stars to determine that the time per day was 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4.1 seconds. The present value is 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4.091 seconds. For the sidereal year , he found it to be 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, and 30 seconds, when the modern calculation is a mere 3 minutes and 20 seconds less than Aryabhatas value.Aryabhata also impacted Trigonometry by his definitions of wickedness (jya), cosine (kojya), versine (utkrama-jya), and inverse sine (otkram jya). He was the first to specify sine and versine (1-cos x) tables, in 3.75 intervals from 0 to 90, to an accuracy of 4 decimal places (Kumar). The modern call sine and cosine are also believed to be mistranslations of the words introduced by Aryabhata, Jya and Kojya.In the field of Algebra, he provided results for the summation of series of squaresHe did not bring down the series of cubesAs for remembering the great Aryabhata, he has many colleges named after him, such as the Aryabhata Knowledge University in Bihar and the Aryabhata Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIOS) secure Nainital, India.Indias first satellite also shared his name. (Kumar)Works CitedAryabhata I. Med ieval History. About.com, 2014. Web. 27 Apr. 2014. .Jacobs, James Q. The ryabhatya of ryabhata. The ryabhatya of ryabhata by J. Q. Jacobs. J.Q. Jacobs, 1997. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. .Jain, Ankur. Aryabhatta Biography. Aryabhatta Scientists Biography. Study Helpline, 2011. Web. 27 Apr. 2014. .Kumar, Amit. Aryabhatta- The Great Indian Mathematician. The Braves and Smarts. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. .OConnor, J.J., and E.F. Robertson. Aryabhata the Elder. School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St. Andrews, Scotland. Nov. 2000. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. .

Diseases Affecting the Geriatric Population: Bibliography

Diseases Affecting the Geriatric Population Bibliography Literature review Lourdu jafrin , Venkata Naveen Kumar .P, Udaya laxmi .T Jayapriya. B et.al performed a 2 months cross-sectional, Unicentric falsifiable hold titled drug workout blueprint of geriatric long-sufferings in the medical department of ordinal charge hospital and it was promulgated in multinational journal of pharmacy and life sciences in 2013. This research has shown the chronic nature of diseases affecting the geriatric population most parklandly the respiratory diseases and rightly increase the trend of deriphyllin drug practice.Vandana A badar, Sanjay Kumar. B navale performed a prospective story for a period of 6 months from may 2010 dec 2010 titled cartoon of prescribing condition of anti microbial agents in medicine ICU of a teaching hospital in central India and was published in JAPI , April 2012.the main objective of the look at is to evaluate the utilization of anti- microbials. They found t hat infection was the major reason for the manipulation of anti microbial therapy .Author revealed that the drug cefotaxime was most commonly used in MICU by close 32% add uped by metronidazole 24% , ampicillin 17- 29%. Study also showed the rationality of drug usage by about 30% which was evaluated by analysing the prescriptions. From this study authors concluded that the medical fraternity needs to understand the importance of antibiotics. An international programme may be a usable initiative to reduce antibiotic use.Prakash katakam , Abdul baset A. Elfituri, Zaidoon H. Ramadoan , Osama g. Abadi performed a cross- sectional retrospective study for a period of 15 months in Libya titled A retrospective study on antibiotic use in different clinical departments of a teaching hospital in zawiya , Libya and it was published in Ibnosina journal of medicine and biomedical sciences in 2012. An interesting observation was that increase in the antibiotic consumption which was expressed as DDD/ coke00 inhabitants / day especially AMOX (Amoxicillin+ Clavulanicacid) had been observed from 2008-2009 when compared to other antibiotics rightly for the indication of respiratory diseases. Study reveals that out of 100 subjects only 6 have undergone microbial culture investigations. From this study authors conclude that before initiation of the word, a vital need for microbial investigation is essential.Jeevangi. SR, Patil. RB, Manjunath et al. performed a 15 months prospective cross-sectional study in Gulbarga titled drug utilization study in a trauma care unit of a tertiary care hospital and it was published in journal of clinical and diagnostic research in 2010. In his study the author used the who drug use indicator i.e.., prescribing indicator which can be known by calculating the average bod of drugs per encounter and observed that newer anti- microbial and proton pump inhibitors are inflict more than. The study reveals that poly pharmacy was found to be high and the generic is low. An increase in the hail of drugs per prescription in the TCU was gradually increased from the day of admission when compared to previous records. The study concluded that usage of drugs in TCU were in accordance with standard treatment guidelines. Hence the authors reveals that by the results of the study there is a considerable scope for improving the prescribing habits according to rational drug use.Sahar I, Al. Niemat, Diana T.bloukh, Manal D. Al. Harasis et.al performed a retrospective study for a period of 3 months from May 2007- July 2007 in 5 hospital centres in KHMC titled drug use evaluation of antibiotics prescribed in a Jordanian hospital out- patient and emergency clinics using who prescribing indicators and it was published in Saudi med J 2008. The authors used the who prescribing indicators for the evaluation of prescriptions taken from the out patients settings. The study reveals that the share of antibiotics was more when compared with the t otal good turn of encounters surveyed. Also states that the antibiotic categories rightly penicillins( especially amoxicillin) and quinolones ( especially ciprofloxacil, norfloxacin) were prescribed. He authors conclude that the prescribing pattern of antibiotics was very high . so requirement of continue medical education programme may be needed.Hillary o. Odo, Sunday o.Olotu , Imafidon o.Agbonile, Peter o.esan , Bawa o. James performed a retrospective descriptive study from a review of out- patient prescriptions between sept 2007and Aug 2012 in a regional psychiatric hospital, Nigeria and it was published in Archives of pharmacy practice in 2013. DDD/ 1000 inhabitants/day was cipher to evaluate the pattern of drug utilization. The results of the study showed that the drug Halopridol accounted the highest drug utilization with a DDD /100inhabitants / day of 5 followed by amitriptylline, benhexol , trifluperazine. The authors concluded that the prescribing pattern of antibiotics were not in accordance with the who guidelines and observation of polypharmacy either haloperidol accounts more often.Praveen KG, Arun K performed a prospective study for a period of 6 months in a tertiary care hospital titled drug utilization and evaluation of HMG- co A reductase inhibitors in tertiary care hospital and it was published in Indian journal of pharmacy practice in 2013. The study used the methodology of DDD/12 bed days to evaluate the drug utilization of statins. Present study shown that statins are more prescribed for various indications like primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications, dyslipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The authors from the study concluded that dosage units for atorvastatin were nigher to the who recommended dose where as variation is observed in case of simvastatin and rosuvastatin.Sutharson L, Hariharan R.S, Vamsadhara C performed a 4 months prospective cross- sectional study in a tertiary hospital , Chennai titled drug utilization study in a diabetalogy out patient setting of a tertiary hospital and it was published in Indian journal of pharmacology in 2003. Who drug use indicators and DDD were used in the methodology to evaluate the drug utilization. The study reveals that more utilization of sulfonyl ureas was observed when compared to biguanides. The authors concluded that the total number of drugs prescribed in generic is high and incidence of polypharmacy is low. Hence some of the interventional measures may be vital in promoting the patient education and knowledge .James M Hutchinson, David M Patrick , Fawziah Marra et al . presented a paper titled touchstone of antibiotic consumption A matter-of-fact guide to the use of the ATC and DDD system methodology in Canada and it was published in Can J Infect Dis in 2004. The presented paper provides a practical advice on the use of ATC and DDD classification system for evaluating the prescribing pattern of antibiotics. The authors concluded that initiation of drug utilization documentation procedure may stimulate interest in measurement and display of antibiotic consumption.Hamdi Sozen, Ibak gonen, Ayse Sozen et al. Performed a point prevalence study on july 19 , 2011 in a general hospital , turkey titled operation of ATC and DDD methodology to evaluate antibiotic use in a general hospital in turkey and it was published in Annals of clinical microbiology and anti microbials in 2013. The results of the study showed that the rational use of antibiotics were identified with appropriate indication for prophylaxis and treatment. The authors concluded that the hospitals should implement their own principles of antibiotic use to decrease the microbial metro and economic consequences too.Mahendra K Patel , Manish J Barvaliya , Tejas K patel , CB Tripathi performed a retrospective study between 2008 and dec2010 in takhtsinhji general hospital , Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India titled drug utilization pattern in critical care unit in a tertiary care teaching hospital in india and it was published in International journal of critical illness and injury science in 2013. The case papers were analyzed for demographic variables, indications, duration of critical care unit stay and usage of anti microbials were evaluated based on culture report. In the study DDD/100 bed days were calculated to evaluate the drug utilization and also price of the drugs from Indian drug review (2010). The study results showed DDD/100 bed days was more in case of total drug utilization in the anti- microbials which were prescribed without culture report , more economic burden is seen in expired patients and incidence of polypharmacy is a major problem in ccu.Shankar PR, upadhyay DK, Subish P, Bhandari RB, Das B performed an experimental study from a period of June2005-May 2006 in a teaching hospital in western Nepal titled Drug utilization among older patients in a teaching hospital in western hospital and it wa s published in Singapore Med J in 2010. The author uses the drug use indicator DDD/ 100 bed days. For the evaluation of drug use in the hospital. In the present study basic demographic information of older patients , microbial report, drug utilization pattern and cost of the drugs were included. The study reveals that average number of drugs consumed by each patient was tends to be high i.e.., (7.73). The authors concluded that incidence of parenteral formulations arises a common problem. Authors also suggested that there must be an initiation of guidelines for the usage of drugs in elderly patients.Khavane.K, Addepalli.V, Bhusare.K,Payghan S.A, Patweakar.S,Kate.V performed a 6 months prospective study at the saifee hospital , charni passageway , Mumbai titled prescribing patterns of antibiotics and sensitivity patterns of micro organisms towards different antibiotics in multi disciplinary health care hospital and it was published in International Journal of pharmaceutical and bi ological archives in 2010. The study was carried over by collecting the patient demographic details, antibiotic information, microbial culture sensitivity test .The present study showed the process of interpretation of results. The authors concluded that there must be requirement of formulation of a policy for antibiotic use, obtaining the culture and sensitivity reports must be quickened, avoidance of continued or over usage of antibiotic for a longer period of time.Patil P.H, Kuchake V.G, KumarAjay, Dighore Pitambar,Surana S.J performed a 5 months prospective study in inmate department of tertiary care hospital titled evaluation of drug utilization especially anti- microbial agents in inpatient department of tertiary care hospital and it was published in International Journal of community pharmacy in 2009.In the present study patient demographic information, antibiotic consumption for empirical and surgical prophylaxis , microbial culture reports were included and the data were analyzed in a simple percentage manner. Based on the results authors concluded that more number of prescriptions containing antibiotics were observed and there are no gold standard methods for the usage of antibiotics. Authors also suggested that an antibiotic order form must be prepared and utilise for achieving the rational use of drug .Ulla-Maija Rautakorpi, Soija Huikko, Pekka Honkanen et.al.. performed a 5 year follow up study titled The anti- microbial treatment strategies (MIKSTRA) program A 5yr follow up of infection specific antibiotic use in primary health care and the effect of implantation of treatment guidelines and it published in clinical infectious diseases in 2006. In the present study data were collected from various health care centres and the national guidelines were published during the study period. Initiation of interventional programmes were make by the local trainers. Based on the results concluded that because of multifaceted intervention, a qualitative improvement in the drug use is observed.

Traffic Congestion In Toronto Tourism Essay

trading over-crowding In Toronto Tourism Essay ecstasy is crucial in any town or urban c bring out. Toronto is no exception. In the past several years, population growth rate has been high. Transportation systems therefore call for to be upgraded to accommodate this demand. Toronto has over the years been known to founder two seasons which include winter and kink seasons. The eddy period implies the time when there be many kinks while the winter period is a time when profession congestion reduces drastically. This refers to the upseticraft congestion adventure in Toronto. Construction related delays yield been common in Toronto due to politicization. Municipal infrastructure call fors to be maintained in Toronto and other cities in Canada. Toronto replenishes its alleys twice before reconstruction after every 60 years. This makes most roadstead deplorable amidst heavy demand by commuters (Chowdhury, 2005). This high demand together with temporary capacity reductions emerges from road crashes and commuter work zones. This paper tries to address the traffic snarl up in Toronto with a view of finding a tooth root to this menace.Problem bidTraffic related paradoxs account for divergence of seven to ten hours weekly for Torontians. These problems include traffic congestion and bad conditions of roads. . Traffic congestions in Toronto roads normally occur during the day and delays more passengers and goods than it delays used to be. It is reported that the average delay per peak traveler has moved from 15 hours in 1982 to 45 hours in 2002 distributively year (Buzzelli, 2001). App arently, the figure has tripled within 20 years. It equates to the number of hours spent in working for the whole year. Traffic congestion is a paralyzing incident for the city and which gets worsened day by day.Torontonians spend approximately seven to ten hours a week in traffic due to traffic related problems (Sewell, 2009). Examples of these problems range from tra ffic congestion to bad road conditions. For some, seven to ten hours may be seen as an honor- a short time menace. To others, this is a soul-sucking grind. Traffic congestions in Toronto roads normally occur during the day and delays more passengers and goods than it delays used to be. It is reported that the average delay per peak traveler has moved from 15 hours in 1982 to 45 hours in 2002 each year (Buzzelli, 2001). Apparently, the figure has tripled within 20 years. It equates to the number of hours spent in working for the whole year. Traffic congestion is a paralyzing incident for the city and which gets worse day by day.The traffic menace in the Toronto is rather a complex affair. Bicycles, gondolas, taxies, delivery trucks, buses, and pedestrians compete in using the same road at the same time. Standing traffic causes an increase in air and noise pollution. Bicycle lanes are placed in unfit locations that do non connect to other routes. This wastes money and space. The lan es are as well as unsafe to use.The change in traffic routes and failure to enforce rules for putting surfaceing and stopping of vehicles are major causes of traffic congestion too. The removal of parking lanes has also caused an overall drop in revenue from business (Vigar, 2002).High Economic costs of Toronto are attributed to traffic congestions. The hours lost by employees in traffic jams or waiting for arrival of delivery buses are raising eye brows. During these congestions, there is increased use of fuel. This loss can be approximated as $2.0 billion annually (Statistics Canada Paragraph 16). On average a typical commuter currently spends more than 79 proceedings currently getting to and from their workplaces as compared to 68 hours in 1990s. Additionally, health effects related to congestion are on the increase. Research has revealed that each year, there are approximately 440 premature deaths and around 1,700 other victims hospitalized in Toronto. These problems related to congestion are broad, big and complex and require great solutions to be eliminated permanently.Reasons for Traffic Congestion in TorontoSharing of the road by motor cycles, bicycles, and all kinds of vehicles is a common characteristic in Toronto. Lanes for bicycles are placed on sidewalks and major thoroughfares. This makes pedestrians have difficulties in walking since bicycles occupy the sidewalks causing congestion. This also causes a reduction in parking and stopping spaces for cars in the city. Additionally, traffic and parking laws are not evenly enforced. The laws are effected on some vehicles but not on all road users this is a contributing factor to congestion, increased indemnification costs and frayed tempers. Health problems and money wasted for gas and insurance are on the rise because of rise in traffic congestion (Mehr, 2005).During the construction period, traffic congestion is always on the rise. Main roads are blocked which causes traffic jams on the remainin g roads. These delays are terrible. Moreover, politicians have turned the afflictions of pedestrians into turgid places that contribute to the unending construction related delays. City mayors have been blamed of bureaucratic incompetence by politicians. This incompetence is said to have brought endless construction related work. The complexities occasioned by the aforementioned only hurts commuters.sub contractors involved during construction have failed to be coordinated which leads to delays too (White, 2009).Commuters have a high demand in road usage. This high demand together with momentary capacity reduction is as a result of road crashes and commuter work zones. These aforementioned causes a high cost of travelling and makes it more frustrating for commuters. The road giving medication organ, federal highway administration (FHWA) with a jurisdiction of administering construction has mentioned congestion as an issue demanding a high priority. Environmental stewardship also known as the agencys vital few are other key priority areas (Vigar, 2002).Feasible Solutions to Traffic Congestion in TorontoThis public menace has a potential for improvement. The use of new construction technologies should see Toronto construct its roads quicker or encounter construction does not affect the movement of traffic. For example, lateral drilling machines which eliminate the need for contractors opening up the pavement could be employed. Deployment and development of technologies in the twenty-first century is also important. These technologies are known as intelligent transportation systems (ITS).this technology could be used to develop the agencys capability to manage transportation systems. On the other hand commercial carriers and travelers provide have ability to make informed choices about when and how to travel. Road works done on parallel arteries should also be avoided. The kind of advanced planning should be standard practice for Toronto. thither should be c oordination in road construction that should not restrict roadways during complaint hour (Green, 2001).Traffic congestion should not be taken as a normal state of affairs. Efforts taken into consideration traditionally should be fortify in add-on to focus of FHWA on development and promotion of transportation systems and overall management and operations. Good management and operations should not do out with the need to construct new roads and to add transit capacity appropriately. The management should make most out of existing infrastructure. Retaining an existing vehicle by owners during peak operating condition is better than buying a new one in the operational strategies could be cheaper in implementation than road construction projects. This could help in reduction of traffic congestions and causing a stretch in infrastructure performance (Fisher 1996).Maintenance of municipal infrastructure in Toronto is an issue of great importance. There should be no less than 14 utiliti es including gas, hydro, phone and cable. These utilities should be used to replace aging equipment in Toronto streets. Despite all this, citizens of Toronto deliver more and more from this city since its their right having paid heavy taxes. These disruptions have been there but they are becoming races centre of prospect (Chowdhury, 2005).There is need to maintain municipal infrastructure in Toronto and this remains a fact not just in Toronto but other Canadian cities as well. There should be no fewer than 14 utilities, which should include gas, phone, hydro and cable. All these utilities should be tearing up Torontos streets to replace other aging equipment. Despite all these, people expect more and more from the city since it is their right after having paid the required taxes to the government. These disruptions have been there but they are becoming the peoples centre of thought (Mehr, 2005).Taking the construction activities for 24hrs is another approach worth exploring. For example the reconstruction of the Gardiner in the 1990s.the metro council back then opted to pay the contractor a bounty to ensure that he works 24hrs so that the construction would take a shorter time. Toronto city should aim at constructing ring roads and by-passes. Though these are not common in Toronto city and country side, this can increase the number of roads to cater for the increasing number of vehicles in the roads. Additionally, more super highways should be constructed in addition to the existing ones. This will ensure that they utilize more space upwards and this will enable motor cycles, bikes and cars use specific highways (Green, 2001).Cars on the city centre should be banned this should be done on busy days. A fee should be introduced for cars that enter the central business district. This will ensure that only public transport enter the city centre to ease the congestion. Private car owner who drive to work will park their cars at designated areas outside the city centre. They then board public transport to the city centre (Fisher, 1996).Creation of multi chronicle car parks is also important. Highways in city centers will have car parks alongside main roads. Additionally, entrance roads should be wider than countryside roads. By doing this it will create room for car parks. Rules and regulations should also be put in place to ensure that different vehicles are supposed to be parked (Chowdhury, 2005).Synchronization of traffic signals is also important. These signals should be used by all road users including pedestrians. All those breaking the rules by not observing these lights should face certain penalties. Licensing of cyclists should be done by honorarium of a certain fee. They should also e designated bicycle lanes on the roads where they could cycle. Roads in Toronto are often utilized for rallies marathons and protests. These functions cause congestion and stopping point of roads which is of no necessity. These functions could uti lize the sidewalks or other areas be sought for the same. Exhaust fumes emitted from vehicles during congestion causes air pollution. Car hooting on the other hand causes noise pollution. Hence, keeping traffic in motion at all times is of essence to reduce environmental pollution and save resources. In addition the government should establish policies that are channeled towards reduction of congestion on our roads. Enforcement of these laws should be strict with penalties for the breakers of the law (Fisher, 1996).ConclusionTraffic congestion in Toronto is a time bomb waiting to explode. This situation has been occasioned as a result of poor enforcement of transport laws. Politicking also is a major contributing factor to this menace causing delay in construction works. Roads in Toronto are dilapidated too since the city resurfaces its roads after every 60years.the use of Toronto roads for other functions such as rallies which necessitate their closure at those times. Even though t his problem seems difficult to solve there is room for improvement. Various solutions could go a long way in trying to solve this menace. New construction technologies need to be explored which will quicken the construction process. Creation of multi storey car parks is also should be considered. This will ensure that car parks are constructed along main roads. A fee should be introduced for drivers who enter the city centre. Commuters should be willing to use public transport to the city centre. Construction of bicycle lanes could help reduce congestion too. Although public transport is the solution to this menace, congestion can further be reduced by use of other means of transport. With the population estimated to increase by nearly 2.6 million, it is apparent that this problem will still persist since more than a million lore cars will be added to the roads. Therefore the commuter time is expected to stretch and the economic cost of congestion doubling. Further the death toll i s expected to rise due to traffic causes alongside increase in emissions. In addition the government should enact policies and enforce efficiently. The only way to prevent the city of Toronto from coming to a standstill is to force people out of their cars by pricing them off.

Things Fall Apart Masculinity English Literature Essay

Things Fall Apart Masculinity English Literature EssayOur lives ar influenced by our peers and there reckons. For instances, Ibo tribes in Africa believe in male masculinity and dominance, such that all individuals are conditioned from a young age to ensure the concept of male superiority. Anyone who strays away from this believe is shunned by the community or considered gutless. In Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart the main character Okonkwos brio is based upon the believe of male masculinity and grave realise. He prides himself on his masculinity and does not accept disaster or weakness of any kind including any from his family members.An example of an individual that Okonkwo despised and does not accept was Okwonkos father Unoka. To the community he was weak and considered to not be a true man. He was a failure in the eyes of society and constantly burrowed money. Unoka had only taken one wife and was unable to support his family. This unfitness to support his family stemm ed from his bad work ethic and laziness. When Unoka died he had taken no title at all and he was heavily in debt (pg. 5). Due to his failure Unoka was frequently called an Agbala, which is a intelligence agency that means a woman or an insult that describes a man that has taken no titles. Seeing his father inability to provide for the family Okwonko devoted his life to hard work and to hate everything his father love. Unokas failures sculpted Okwonko to the man he was in the novel he became hard wor fairy and despised laziness. He was the flesh out opposite of Unoka, earning many titles, having many wives and universe a successful man.All aspects of Okonkwos life were devoted to masculinity. Even when farming he was conditioned by his clansmen that yams their staple crop is the king of crops. This is further the male dominance in the Ibo finish because males depart be the only people able to provide for the family. When his family was working hard to provide food he thought it would not help because they could not grow yams. He thought that His mother and sisters worked hard enough, but they grew womens crops, like coco-yams, beans and cassava.(pg. 19) and that Yam, the king of crops, was a mans crop (pg. 19). These believe caused him to seek yams seeds at a young age to try to help grow crops for his family.Masculinity is so important to Okonkwo that he would have done everything he could to prevent anyone from questioning his masculinity. This is due to his father failure and position in the Ibo community. Every time he felt weak Okonkwo was reminded of his father failure and how he was not able to provide for his family. Which lead Okonkwo to even participated in the killing of his adoptive son Ikemefuna because he was afraid of being thought weak (pg. 53). Afterward he slumped into a period of depression because of his actions. Okonkwo did not taste any food for two days after the terminal of Ikemefuna (pg.55). His view of masculinity is so high tha t he was even willing to kill his loved ones.One of the main traits of masculinity that Okonkwo believed in was the ability to project everyone in his household. He believed that all people must obey what he says in house and do what they were told. Whenever any of his wives talked back or tried to press with him he would beat them. Okonkwo ruled his household with a heavy hand. His wives, especially the youngest, lived in perpetual fear of his fiery temper (pg. 10). In addition he believed that no matter how prosperous a man was, if he was unable to rule his women and his children (and especially his women) he was not really a man (pg.46). This is why he would always talk down to his children and wives to show that he is the authority figure in the house and if anyone one would question this he would beat them. general Okonkwo refused to accept any takes of someone challenging his authority as the leader of his house hold. During The New Yam Festival, a holiday that is celebrate d by banquet an argument arises between Okonkwo and his second wife Ekwefi. The New Yam Festival was a time of relaxation but in the eyes of Okonkwo it is a sign on of laziness which he hates so very much. This causes him to become angry and in a fit he complains about a banana tree which Ekwefi adulterate some leaves form. Without further argument Okwonkwo gave her a sound beating and left her and her only daughter weeping (pg. 33). Okwonko became even more enraged when he comprehend her murmured something about guns that never shot (pg. 33), an insult on his poor hunting skills and shot at her with his gun. Luckily for Ekwefi he missed, but this proved how any sign of defiance or challenge to his masculinity is unacceptable to him in anyway.Throughout the novel Okonkwo does not show any signs of forbearance for his children. In his perspective it is womanish and a sign of weakness. This is also the reason why he never shows any love for his daughter Enzima. He even stated th at he will not have a son who cannot hold up his organize in the gathering of the clan (pg. 28) and that he would rather strangle him with his own hands. (pg.28). At one point he scolded Nyowe his eldest son and Ikemefuna his adoptive son about how to grow yams properly. Inwardly Okonkwo knew that the boys were still too young to understand amply the difficult art of preparing seed-yams. But he thought that one could not begin too early. Yam stood for manliness, and he who could feed his family on yams from one gravest to some other was a very great man indeed (pg. 28). This shows how important being a man is and how being effeminate will not be tolerated in his household while he is alive.Okwonko even put his favorite child in danger because of his masculinity. When Ezinma fell sick Ekwefi wanted to take action, but the visionary would not permit her. Okwonko did not try to stop the Oracle even thought he loved Ezinma. He was afraid that if he showed any compassion he would be thought of as less of a man. Ekwefi could not even take any action for her own daughters sake for it was against the tradition and culture of their village Umofia. Ekwefi already lost five other children at young ages but now that Ezinma had come to ten years of age she refuse to let anything hurt her. She did everything she could to protect her. Even before Ezinma was born Okonkwo hired a medicine man to help get rid of the bad spirit that was unyielding her. The doctor ordered that there should be no more mourning for the dead child. Then he took it away to bury in the Evil Forest, retentivity it by the ankle and dragging it on the ground behind him. (pg. 69). Yet Okwonko let the Oracle take Enzima away and only went looking for her after a while because it was the manly thing to do.Okwonkos view in the Ibo masculine lifestyle eventually leads him to his death. He wanted to take action and kill everyone who was trying to falsify his way of life that he grew up with. When the messengers came to stop the gathering Okonkwo drew his machete(pg. 176) and cut the lead messenger down. The messenger crouched to avoid the blow. It was useless. Okonkwos machete descended twice and the mans head lay beside his uniformed body. (pg. 176). Then everyone started to panic and question why he killed the messengers. That was when he realized his way of life was over because they let the other messengers escape. posterior on he committed suicide by hanging himself from a tree. This shows that he was so ingrained in his cultures lifestyle that when it was taken away he had nothing left to live for.Okonkwos believe of masculinity lead him to beat his own children and wife. In addition it also lead him to kill one of his loved ones. Even thought he loved Ikemfuna like a son he hated weakness so much because of his father laziness and inability to support his family. Okonkwos also believes that yams are the king of all crops like all his clansmen does because it is the stapl e crop of the Ibo people of Africa. He is so ingrained in the belief of masculinity that he commits suicide when he discovered his way of life that he lived his entire life had been taken away from him. We live our lives based on the ideas of people around us and when it is gone we are gone with it such in the case of Okonkwo.Words 1502

The Old English Poetry Room :: Essays Papers

The Old English Poetry RoomThe Anglo-Saxon ChroniclesThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicles were written by a number of obscure monks and covered events starting with pre-Roman Britain. The Chronicles are seven manuscripts and two fragments. They were compiled sometime in the last decade of the ninth century. Since there were few sources of history open to the monks, it is speculated that they relied firmly on Bedes An Ecclesiastical History of the English People for information on the period between the Roman occupation and 731. From the maiden century to sometime in the fifth century, Britain was a colony of the Roman Empire. Settlers came and built villas, baths, libraries and city walls in the Roman tradition. Many of these survived. The ruins were sometimes referred to as the work of giants in early literature. This git be seen in The Wanderer, a poem about a man who has lost his lord and is stoicly wandering about lamenting his loss and looking for a new home. From about 350 A.D., Rom an power weakened throughout the empire. After 409, the Romans no longer ruled Britain. Then, in 449, the Anglo-Saxon invasions began. According to The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles , the starting time group of immigrants most likely came from Germany and the Netherlands. Their leaders were supposedly Hengest and Horsa. It is possible that these are legendary leaders, but it also possible that the Hengest who appears in the epic poem Beowulf is the aforementioned(prenominal) individual. The Chronicles mention cardinal main groups during the period of the invasions the Saxons, the Angles and the Jutes. In the sixth century, the Anglo-Saxon advance was halted and 50 years of peace followed. The Venerable Bede (c. 673 - 735) is one of three Christian figures mentioned in The Chronicles. Bede studied and wrote on many subjects, among them classical languages, astronomy and medicine. His An Ecclesiastical History of the English People covers Englands history and conversion to Christianity. T he first writers of The Chronicles used his year-by-year approach and took much of their information from this work. If you would like to access another website with more information about the Venerable Bede, click here. It is from Bedes An Ecclesiastical History of the English People that we studied Caedmons Hymn, a poem about a man who lives to a rather advanced age without ever learning any songs. At feasts, when the harp is passed around for the telling of stories, Caedmon would rather leave the feast than receive the harp to tell a story.

The First Amendment and the Fight Against God Essay -- Argumentative

The First Amendment and the Fight Against God On September 11, 2001, our nation experiences a terrible tragedy when quadruplet terrorist-controlled airplanes flew into the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania. Over 3,000 people were killed, and thousands more were affected. In an effort to promote patriotism and unite the nation, citizens began displaying American flags, dimension memorial services, and attending church. County High School also made an effort to bring together its students and faculty. A number of candlelight vigils were held, and students made posters and signs to display their ultranationalistic feelings. One of these sings was a large banner hung right inside the front door. Red, white, and blue lettering displayed the phrase, In God We Trust. This sign was met with mixed feelings. While galore(postnominal) students were comforted by this display of patriotism, others took a very opposite stand. Less th an 24 hours after the banner was raised, there were students rallying for it to be taken down, kick to the principal, and arguing against it in class and at lunch. The upset students claimed it was offensive to atheists, agnostics, Muslims, Buddhists, and anyone else not North American Christian. Ironically, the majority of the students who complained werent actually members of any of these religions and the students who were generally took no offense to it. Personally, I found the students attempts to remove the sign offensive, not the sign itself. The sign was not displayed to recruit and convert students to Christianity, nor was it intended to preach to non-believers. It was a nationalistic symbol a reminder of our founding fathers ideals and hop... ...a misguided retreat from the First Amendment we are allowing those views to stifle our emotions, restrict legitimate expressions of faith, and disrupt our unity.Works CitedAmendments to the Constitution. U.S. House o f Representatives. 22 September 2003 .Facts Sheets Currency & Coins. History of In God We Trust. United States Department of the Treasury. 23 September 2003 .Renstrom, Peter G. Constitutional Rights Sourcebook. Santa Barbara, CA ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1999.The Declaration of freedom A Transcription. The National Archives Experience. 23 September 2003 .The New American Bible. Washington D.C. World Bible Publishers, Inc. 1970.